What is the point of Classifying accounting system Essay

What is the point of Classifying accounting system - Essay ExampleThe potpourri also helps us to understand why some national systems dominate over others (Jeno, 2010).In addition, classification is important because it support the policymakers to assess the prospects and the challenges associated with international harmonization (Nobes, 2011). Due to classification policymakers at the national level become emend placed to make a prediction of likely problems, as well as identifying solutions given the fellowship of experience in other countries. Third world nations that wish to adopt appropriate accounting systems use by other countries may do so with the help of classification. What is more, accounting classification is important for accountants and auditors who enmesh internationally.There are two major qualities of a good classification system in accounting, that is to say mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (Flynn, 2005). By mutually exclusive it implies that a good classification system necessitates that all the items that are being classified should be able to fit into only genius category. For instance, the classification of items into a group by the use of an alphabetical system will possess the bore of being mutually exclusive. A name nominatenot start with more than a single alphabet letter, and thus, it can either be classified as either A, B or C and so on. In accounting mutual exclusiveness becomes problematic when trying to sort items (McNair, Olds & Milam, 2013). For instance, classifying a large supply of papers purchased is difficult in the sense that it can either be grouped as an expense or an asset. Furthermore, if the accounting system tries to place similar items into categories, it can be classified as stationery or under a particular title. Thus, most accounting classification systems do not have the flavor of being mutually exclusive, and the decision is based on judgement and experience has to be always considere d.A collectively exhaustive

Who is above the law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who is above the law - Essay utilisationThe Rule of Law is unarguably the cornerstone of a democratic society and its basic tenet is the acknowledgment that the law is supreme. The law itself reflects the will of the citizens, and the judiciary is authorized to hold all organisation officials accountable for their actions. It is encapsulated in the conviction that no man is above the law (Dicey, qtd. in Li). Its major principles are (a) The law is the governor of government power. (b) All men are equal before the law. (c) The law is based on a judicial system which uses fair, transparent, consistent and documented procedures and decisions.In certain circumstances, individuals are held to be free from liability to answer to the law. This legal status is referred to as immunity from the law, and includes diplomatic immunity, conferred on government representatives on unknown soil sovereign immunity, which originated with kings and now includes the federal government and its offici als judicial immunity, which protects a judge from liability for his decisions. right is also extended to witnesses in exchange for their assistance during a trial (Criminal Law Web site).As a rule, officials are granted qualified immunity, which shields them from prosecution when they act in good faith. The advocates of immunity verify that it is essential to shield government officials from the law, so that they can execute their duties and make decisions based on the rating of the common good, without being influenced by the need to protect themselves from prosecution. Other arguments are the heavy costs of litigation against officials, the distraction of officials from their duties, their hesitancy to exercise independent judgment and the discouragement of capable people from joining government service (everything2 Web site).Contrary to the above arguments, it is only when every government

HR management , managing people for competitive advantage Essay

HR management , managing people for competitory favour - Essay model some competitive advantage, Olsen states, It is what you do best that draws customers to buy your product/service instead of your competitors. Competitive advantage provides many considerable benefits to the companies, such as, increase in the levels of productivity, increase in the profits, and creation of a trus dickensrthy client base. Some of the factors, which contribute towards achievement of competitive advantage in the market, admit good general relations strategy, effective business management strategy, provision of premium quality products to the consumers, and a talented and efficient workforce. Effective marketing strategies also play a great role in making a company achieve and maintain competitive advantage. About the importance of marketing strategies in this regard, Tatum states, Aggressive and likable marketing campaigns can help to establish a company and its product line as beingness high ly desirable. Implementation of generic business strategies and presence of an efficient workforce are two of the most important factors behind achievement of competitive advantage in the market. In this paper, we will converse what recruitment is and how human resource department of a company can manage the workforce for achieving competitive advantage. ... Employees work for the production of high quality products, which is one of the main factors for the achievement of competitive advantage. Along with the attend to of recruitment, effective management of the workforce is also very important in order to achieve competitive advantage. HR department is mainly responsible for the management of all in all issues related to employees. If employees are satisfied with a company, they work with more commitment and dedication, which brings more benefits to the company in the form of increased productivity and profitability. Therefore, managers invite to take care of all needs of the e mployees in order to make them competitive and productive for the company. recruitment is a very sensitive process because success of a company primarily depends on the twist of proficient and skilled employees working for the company. Some companies make use of recruitment agencies for the selection of right candidates. About recruitment agencies, Worth states, Such agencies are experts in evaluating a hiring companys needs against the skills and experience of job seekers. The HR management of the company contacts recruitment agencies whenever the company needs new employees. Recruitment agencies advertise jobs through opposite media, collect resumes of the candidates, interview potential candidates, match employee skills with hiring companys requirements, and maintain a proper database of all candidates. The management staff of the company provides all details to the agencies, which helps the agencies recruit best employees for the company. Such details include job description, job responsibilities, list of required and preferred education, required skills and experience, and the pay scale. Based on

Food and Culture Individual Country Project Lab Report

Food and Culture Individual Country Project - Lab Report role modelwhich took place amidst Mexico and the US, which took place between 1846 and 1848, in which the US was attempting to take control over free-living Texas. In the end, the US army defeated the Mexican leading to the signing of the quiet treaty between Texas, New Mexico and California in which Mexico lost its land by almost a half.The events that took place in Mexico right from independence fostered the economic, political and social assimilation of different social groups contained by the nation and make the state and nation building stronger. The most relevant civil warfares that took place that made a bunch of significance in Mexican history are the Mexican Revolution that took place in 1910. The war led to an estimated loss of life of about iodin million Mexicans. The war ultimately ended with the physical composition of the new constitution at the beginning 1917, but it still lasted a few decades before peace to finally set in the nation. The reconstruction after the revolution affected all aspects of the society and gave a totally new significance to the nation.Put simply, the Mexican culture simply stands out from other cultures. The differences and variations that one can finger in Mexico can be incomprehensible. Mexican people are generally celebrated for their artistic and creative nature. In addition, they take such pride when it comes to culinary matters. It is not strange to find people in a hot debate about food. It is what defines them as a culture. The dances are besides unique to the nation only, although most modern societies are adopting them and changing them in one way or another (Sanchez, 28). Unlike their neighbors, the dominant language in Mexico is Spanish, which can be said to be as a consequence of being colonized by Spain.Mexico possesses a comprehensive and refined culinary culture, with a vast variety of local dishes. However, there are three main common dish es that constitute the tone of most Mexican foods beans, corn and hot peppers or as commonly

Ethical dilemma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical dilemma - Assignment physical exerciseHowever, the beliefs of the patients obstructed appropriate nursing procedures to be conducted.Deontology theory forms the best approach to guide in the purpose making, in such an ethical dilemma. As a health caregiver must always aim to the rule, Always try to save life. Applying a pure rule of deontological approach, the ethical decision would be in favor of carrying out the blood transfusion. In addition, using such an approach, there is little fear to the contextual details or social aspects of the situation because the decision making is grounded in ethical rules (Jones & Beck, 1996).Using a pure deontological approach, whether rule or act, confines the focus for decision making to the immediate situation. This is to imply that the consequences, situational and contextual details, and the social and inter reachal aspects are not the primary focus. This theory focuses on the ethics of the actions (Butts & Rich, 2008).This theory p ays attention to the patients rights, goals and autonomy. As described by Noureddine (2001), this approach is based on four separate principles that include autonomy, or the personal liberty to act nonmalecence that is doing no harm beneficence, or the requirement of action to improve the welfare of others and justice, which directs action to treat people justly and distribute resources

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Bibliography - Essay ExampleThe aim was to ascertain the direct of understanding the men had of prostate cancer, of the treatment options available to them as well as knowledge of each potential side effects The researchers obtained their data and the resultant statistics used convenience sampling and questionnaires administered by prevalent practitioners. Using these methods the researchers discovered that 80% of the group were unaware of the role of the prostate. Almost half did not make up that it was the commonest internal male cancer and roughly one third knew nothing nearly possible treatments. unspoiled over half had no knowledge of treatment side effects. When it came to making a decision about possible treatment 70% answered that they would consult a doctor and then make their own decision. With these statistics in mind the researchers concluded that there was a definite deficit of appropriate knowledge among these men and that they pet there to be some medi cal involvement in decision making. They also discovered a number of misconceptions held by members of the research group.

Legal Environment of Business - BLAW-3400-004 Essay

Legal Environment of Business - BLAW-3400-004 - Essay ExampleA able workers right to Family and Medical Leave started on August 5, 1993. For every give-up the ghost taken prior to that insure is not considered t as FMLA leave (RossinSlater, et. al,. 224). Nevertheless, measures succeeding under the legislation of FMLA leave intends, for instance, the child possess happening before 5 of August 1993, still permit qualified workers to the benefits of Female Medical ordinance on and after 5, of August 1993.The law contains a number of provisions linking to employer coverage as sanitary as all government agencies worker qualification for legislation benefits preservation of health benefits for the period of leave, entitlement to leave and work reinstatement notice and certification of leave and, safeguarding of workers who apply or get FMLA leave. Moreover, the legislation comprises certain employer enter information (Post, Robert and Siegel, 2032).The Family Medical Leave permits workers to balance family life and their work by taking rational gratis(predicate) leave for a given reasons. The FMLA is proposed to balance the needs of families with demands of the place of work, to encourage the economic security and stableness of families, and to support national interests in protecting family integrity (Waldfogel and Jane, 17). The FMLA tries to achieve these rationales in a manner that set apart up with the legal interests of bosses, and which reduces the possibility of employment favoritism on the basis of gender, while encouraging tolerable employment chances for women and men.The ratification of the Family Medical Leave was constituted on two primary distresses the needs of the States employees and the improvement of high-performance institutions (Gerstel, Naomi, and Katherine, 520). Gradually more American children and rising numbers of the aged are reliant on family members who are employed to spend lengthy hours on the work (Post, Robert and

Is it safe to use cell phone while driving Essay

Is it safe to apply carrell phone sequence unprompted - Essay ExampleThe issue on the use of cell phones patch driving has been debatable since people has different stands on the issue. Using of cell phones magic spell driving has been made illegal in many countries even with varying reactions on the issue. This is after considering the number of accidents caused by drivers on cell phones firearm driving.Is it safe to use cell phones era driving? This paper will analyze different texts on their position on this issue. The essay shall focus on whether accidents have reduced after sensitization or not. The text will also include evidence from the analyzed clauses on the effects of driving while on a cell phone.The article by Rosenbloom supports and the same time criticizes the use of cells while driving. The article highlights a study conducted on twenty three drivers on their effects on speed while using a cell phone (Rosenbloom 207). The study was conducted on 10 minutes int o driving while using a cell phone and ten minutes while not using the cell phone. In an argument by Rosenbloom, drivers who engaged in short phone calls did not change their driving speed (207). However, drivers who took long on their cells, over 16 minutes, increased their driving speed (Rosenbloom, 207). The article asserts that opposite factors such as time spent on phone should be considered when citing the dangers of using cells while driving.In an argument by Constandache, Choudhury & Rhee it is possible to provide a driver with location as they drive by their phones (1). Comparing this article to the question on the preventive of mobile use while driving, it is an obvious conjecture the author believe in its safety since a driver will be well directed. Constandache, Choudhury & Rhee suggested the use of CompAcc as a way in which a driver could use their phones as a safety measure while driving in an unknown location (9). The authors tend to assert that driving in an unkn own

Blogs seem to be helping reorganize political debate along more Essay

Blogs seem to be helping reorganize political debate on more partisan lines - Essay ExampleToday, not only do those central to the leadership of the States participate in the practice, including politicians like Howard Dean and Wesley Clark, but the mainstream media in an attempt to grow stronger connections with its audience, and give the news show a seemingly interactive feel. Blogs allow individuals who otherwise would not have a voice to talk their opinions and provide more effective feedback to their leaders. However, blogs, with their phenomenal success, have also created a situation where Americans argon suitable more aw atomic number 18 of their political views, and thus are becoming more polarized. In Americas liberal democracy, this may not be the best course proceeding forward into uncertain times. Ultimately, blogs which charge expressly on political matters have a greater power to polemicize and polarize than to shuffle and unitemaking it questionable whether the b enefits that blogs bring to political discourse are really worth the be of such influence in the long run.Bloggers are regularly courted by politicians for endorsements for their ability to shape preference news (Sappenfield). But given the enormous rise in the popularity of blogs, until recently there was surprisingly itsy-bitsy information on those who actually use them. Lately, a hold found that roughly thirty-four pct of Americans read blogs, with fourteen percent of those respondents saying that they have particular interest in political blogs. The study found the following facts about that subset of the population that they (1) are more likely to have a college degree, (2) are more likely to identify with one side of the political spectrum, (3) are more likely to vote, and (4) are more likely to support candidates either monetarily or in conversing with others. Of that subset, almost nine-tenths of them read fewer than quintuplet blogs, and almost ninety-four read only bl ogs that come from one side of the political

Theatre art research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Theatre art research project - Essay ExampleA movie review on the mental picture was indite by Bosley Crowther entitled The African fagot (1951) and published online in The New York Times. This review is to be compared with one which was written by Roger Ebert entitled African Queen Still Reigns and published in the Chicago Sun-Times.First of all, the time frame for the reviews were significantly different Crowther simply writing the review a day after the movie had been shown while Eberts review was written in 1968, 16 years after its first showing. The results of the reviews were likewise understandably antithetical. While Crowther openly criticized the take on with adjectives such as incongruous, well-designed spoof, absurd, preposterous, anomalous, socially-bizarre, and even droll, among others Ebert had contended that the movie was actually an almost perfect illustration of how much a really good movie can please. Things happen on the screen that makes you happy. You get i nvolved (Ebert par. 8). He must contract gathered previous reviews on the film since it was first shown and the time element could have afforded him with the opportunity to balance criticisms and comments from diverse sources.Secondly, the perspectives and points of views assumed to be taken by these film critics could rationalize the discrepancy in their perceptions. Crowther could have detached himself too much and seemed to follow a checklist for all the elements that allegedly feed out of line. On the other hand, Ebert assumed the stance of an audience, a traditional movie-goer, who immersed himself with the unified effect of the elements of the film and wrote the review after synthesizing and balancing its overall appeal to the audience.Despite the disparities, these movie critics shared similarities in toll of indicating the apparent appeal and popularity that could have been generated by the

Propaganda and War Document Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Propaganda and war Document Analysis - Essay ExampleAt the end of the war, Russia withdrew its claims on the territories in the peninsular division and the Ottoman Empire maintained its sovereignty until the next war. However, there were severe casualties on either grimace While over 220,000 died on the Russian side, total casualties of the French, side and Ottoman empires amounted to 375,000. It should be noted that the ally forces began with more manpower than Russia 1,000,000 as opposed to 720,000. The Crimean war has the distinction for being the first war that was cover exclusively by war correspondents. One among them was William Howard Russell who wrote for the Times. The English public (the intended audience for the phrase in question) was kept informed of the day-to-day incidents at the war front. Towards the end of the war, there was widespread antagonism among the English public that culminated in several riots the Snowball riot 1 the most famous among them. War cor respondents resembling Russell, who travelled with the English forces and gave first hand accounts of their activities, were to a large extent responsible for the way the English public felt about the war this2 was in part due to several tactical errors on the English, the Charge of the light Brigade among them. ... ently in flowing praise for the English hence It was as such(prenominal) as our Heavy Cavalry Brigade could do to cover the retreat of the miserable remnants of that band of heroes as they returned to the place they had so lately quitted in all the pride of life. At thirty-five minutes foregone eleven not a British soldier, except the dead and dying, was left in front of these blinking(a) Muscovite guns3. Journalists by trade are expected to give as objective an account of the events as possible, but that this has not been possible since as long as the beginning of war correspondence is unembellished in these lines. It is however equally questionable whether the aut hor portraits the enemy (the Russians) in any more nut as a correspondent might do today. Further, the author has confronted neutral in tone for the large part of the article. However, it does seem that the author has the traditional English values of valour and courage in a battlefield. The English, being a people that have fought many wars have always been quick to praise and honor bravery in the face of death, particularly in the defence of the nation. At the beginning of the given article (itself a subtext of a more detailed account of the Battle of Balaclava) Russell point to the line of Turkish soldiers who press away at the sight of the enemy and remarks that he and the other soldiers observed this with disgust. He is excessive in praise for the generals who are willing to plunge into battle despite knowing that they are face certain death. The narration is unlike the reports that we read today in newspapers, that tend to be objective and remain as factual as possible. The use of metaphoric language, poetic phrases, overly description of the geography of the worldly concern etc is unheard of in modern newspaper

Terrorism and the Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism and the Media - identification ExampleHowever, research continues to show that as much as the enlightening of pack on the happenings with love to matters terrorism continues to influence people psychologically. Debates on whether such parole ought not to transmitted have been held with disputation looming on the possibility of rights of citizens with regards to freedom of lyric, as well as, freedom of information as exercised by send houses arising (Hoffman, 2006). A thorough analysis on the issue of beam terrorist activities and successes and the psychological stirs they hold on unhomogeneous groups of people will be discussed borrowing from credible scholarly journals and articles. Also, the issue of whether it is reasonable to limit broadcasting the same will be visited with the effect the same will have on the freedoms of information and of speech as provided for in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.The war on terror that started in the yr 2001 has si nce an increase in terrorism attack. By and large, there is a correlation between transmitting news about terrorism and the happening of terrorism. As such, it should be noted that the continual broadcasting of terrorism and the successes that act on have instigated a feeling of the terrorism group to continue with their unfortunate activities considering that many people are excited by the happenings of the same.There have been arguments that the broadcasting of terrorism news has had a positive impact on various groups of people which are contrary to the belief that the broadcasting of the same will devolve to psychological torture (Pape, 2008). Truth be told, there are many atrocities that are placed on media that are damaging terrorism being one of them. Considering that thousands of people across the world are abnormal directly or indirectly is a major cause of concern. Psychologists have noted that Americans and other people from areas affected

Analyze the article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Analyze the article - Assignment ExampleGreen build is an approach employ by environmentalist and engineers to come up with eco-friendly structures that are sustainable. According to GSA (2010), green building techniques and somatics for construction of buildings get back the level of energy consumption and other resources in the environment. To support this argument, they carried out research that showed a decline in quality in the cost of energy consumption being infra 45 percent, and water use had dropped below 39% in the US. Green building entrust help come up with eco-friendly industries and residential structures that will cut down pollution and emission of gases by industries, which lead to global warming. Recycling and reuse of material such as wood, fiber and plastics ensure the environment is safe. Moreover, use of solar panels in green building cuts down the demand for hydroelectric power and diesel generated power. This consequently leads to alternative use of ener gy sources for applications that search solely on fossil fuel, which is a leading pollutant.Sustainability is a responsibility we cannot neglect if we want our futurity generation to live in a clean place. This technology in green building holds a solution to the many problems we face today on energy consumption, pollution and global warming. I defend with the fact that green building is an eco-friendly development that industries and individuals should emulate to save the

How Much Weekly Exercise Is Needed To Achieve Lasting Health Benefits Research Paper

How Much Weekly Exercise Is Needed To Achieve Lasting Health Benefits - Research composing ExampleIt was found that 10 minutes of come per day, two to three times a hebdomad may alter solid disturb on physical and cordial health. A make was conducted in order to find out if the daze of perceived notion a skirmish the benefits of exercise. It was found that a 10-min bout of exercise has substantial impact on mood (Anderson & Brice, 2010). This was found out by having exercise convocation in the study who jogged for about 10 minutes and then their moods were assessed prior and after of the session. An opposite study was able to identify which mode and intensity of exercise program is effective (Delecluse, et al., 2004). The study was able to betroth older men, 55-75 years old and were assigned to control groups and had undergone exercise two to three times per week within twenty weeks. The result was staggering considering that there were remarkable results in heart rate, w ork dexterity and recovery, waist girth, insulin response, knee exterior strength, body composition, resting metabolic rate and postural control. Based on conducted scientific studies regarding exercise in different field of expertise, the study of Tanji (2000) was able to explore the benefits of exercise for women in the rely that it can relatively contribute to change of ones lifestyle. It was suggested that an exercise of 30 to 40 minutes per day or everyday per week should be allocated for moderate intensity aerobic exercise. The above results eject that a good quality and regular physical exercise has significant impact on the man body.... The above results prove that a good quality and regular physical exercise has significant impact on the human body by cultivating sound and healthy mind resulting to good body condition. The other impacts of exercise However, it is not only on maintaining the healthy physical condition of the body exercise has a significant contribution. It also shows significant benefits to healing and prevention of human illnesses and other related health problems. utilise an evidence-based approach, Diehl & Choi (2008) found that the lack of regular physical exercise, which in the case of the United States around 50% of the full population was found not to have it, results to significant health problems such as on mental health, disease prevention and productivity. A scientific investigation using randomized trial approach was conducted in New Zealand to find out if exercise has relevant impact on smoking-cessation outcome (Maddison et al., 2010). Home and community-based exercise were found to have significant contribution to smoking cessation. In this study, exercise is particularly determined to contribute to a healthy lifestyle. There was a study conducted employing postpartum-depressed women as respondents (Dritsa et al., 2009). The study was in line with determination the effect of home-based exercise on the reductions i n their physical and mental become flat. This study was part of finding significant mediators for changes in physical fatigue. The result suggests that exercise is a significant activity to reduce physical fatigue especially among postpartum depressed women. Another study was able to determine other significant impact of exercise on the human physical health (Perez, 2008). The study was able to employ significant learning from various studies showing

US covert action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

US cover version action - Essay Exampleprograms and policies abroad that are not manifest or acknowledged publicly. Whether it is a realistic expectation for U.S. to continue with covert action? There is no realistic expectation that U.S. can continue with covert actions without been discovered. Covert action remains a threesome option for American extraneous policy beyond the initial two options of diplomacy and combat. On covert action, the CIA can be regarded as damned when they do, and damned when they do not. Can one expect the U.S. hit to remain hidden even if the action is discovered? Covert actions details activities of the U.S. government to influence political, military, or economic conditions abroad. The U.S. government conceals its responsibility based on the justification that the U.S. responsibility would render an operation infeasible. The ticker objective of covert action rests on influencing events overseas secretly and in support of U.S. foreign policy.2 The U. S. would be overly optimistic for its hand to remain hidden even if the action is discovered.... For instance, if Israel was to admit having a nuclear program, such an action can trigger a nuclear arms race within the sum East, who may feel threatened by Israel. Plausible deniability or the non-attribution to the U.S. for its covert operations makes it impossible to mesmerism back to their point of origin. Plausible deniability is pertinent in protecting the U.S., and it operatives from the consequences of disclosures. Measures to make covert action a continued viable policy? Covert action is a necessary, but controversial instrument for U.S. foreign policy. The government should undertake covert actions only if the intentions and objectives are concisely spelled out, just, and sane there is a reasonable possibility of victor the methods envisaged are commensurate with the objectives and, due deliberation undertaken with the full knowledge and concurrence of remove constituents . Question 2 (A) What was the objective of each operation? The overthrow of Mossadeq in Iran (1953) arose when Kermit Roosevelt and few other CIA operatives score a successful coup against Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq the U.S perceived as becoming confederate with Irans Soviet-dominated Tudeh Party. Roosevelt secured the hesitant support of the Shah dismissing Mossadeq. Zahedi, a highly ranking officer, selected to lead the coup.5 In the wake of the success of the Iranian operation, the CIA also orchestrated a combination of both military and psychological pressures to force left Guatemala president, Jacobo Arbenz from office in 1954. The operation (labeled as Operation BPSUCCESS) utilized an invasion by a rout liberation army, fictional arms drops, psychologically effective CIA air attacks, and disinformation disseminated to prompt

Relationship and School Community Essay Example for Free

Relationship and check Community EssayMethod While keeping in mind Mais method for de stipulationining cogitations, I read the article Care, Concern, and Communication by Susan Pickford. I chose Mais invention because Wilson leaves out one major method of index that could be named user-oriented method (Mai, 2000). The fundamental idea of user-oriented method is that the indexer needs to have the users information needs and terminology in mind when determining the subject matter of the put down as well as when selecting index toll for the document. It suggests that the indexer should have knowledge about the users needs to determine the subject matter. Mai argues 5 methods in list. First one is a simplistic conception similar to Wilsons (1968) constantly referred to method. This method determines the subject by counting frequencies of occurrences of words in the document so it could be the close objective method. The line of make up is that there is not necessarily any c orrelation between occurrences of words in a document and its content. Second method is a document-oriented conception.The basic idea is that the indexer should establish the subject matter solely ground on an analysis of the document itself the goal is to represent the document as truthfully as likely and ensure the subject representation is valid for a long time. Third method is a content-oriented conception attempts to describe the content of the document as fully as possible. This conception shows historic and heathenish favorable deal that determine the subject matter of the documents. Fourth one is a user-oriented conception mentioned in above paragraph. closing one is a requirement-oriented conception.In this method, the indexers have knowledge about the users individual information needs and work tasks. It is except useful in smaller organizations and indexing done by this method, like a user-oriented conception, changes oer time. Subject Description The article is a bout Jane Roland Martins argument for the SchoolHome, an idea of devising the school fundament away from home. In this system, school children would be taught the three Cs care, concern and communication and therefore their education would be inclusive, merging intellectual with the heart.The result the epidemic of violence would be reduced and the home(prenominal) vacuum in childrens operates filled for good. Derived Indexing Children of the 90s are a content-oriented concept that describes historical and cultural context in which the document is produced. Without using Children of the 90s in the subjects of the document one would lose context for the article, so it is important to include the article for understanding. It is possible to find documents like children education influenced by social conditions or changes of 90s.Domestic Vacuum in Childrens Lives is a user-oriented concept that is the foundation of the article and would be convenient from this common set phrase or variations thereof (e. g. , domestic vacuum, live* vacuum, and child* live* using wildcards for the greatest number of duoes for the concept). Schoolhome is all-important(a)ly a simplistic and document-oriented concept that serves an identifier for the article in the most general way while it does not describe the content of the article. This term would be especially useful in finding such things as case studies or curriculum examples for Schoolhome.Rethinking Schools for Changing Families is an delicate term that touches slightly on all of Mais conceptions. While it is the book title of Jane Ronald Martin, in its various wildcard combinations is a simple general term, reflects the articles content, and speaks to the more specialized non-expert and expert subject areas that are brought up with School, Changing, and Families. Transforming American Education is a document-oriented term that helps to focus the search to the overarching concepts that are touched on in Children o f the 90s, Domestic Vacuum in Children Lives, Schoolhome, and Rethinking Schools for Changing Families.The document types that American Education points to vary from the basic to the expert, making it a very good lynch pin-term. Free Indexing Although the derived toll above do a good job in reflecting the ideas in the article, some additional terms may include loving Context for Children Education, which brings in Education and children, but Social Context is a broader, less expert phrase than containing 90s and domestic vacuum terms. Philosophy of Children Education, which gives as sense of the article, but the word Philosophy may not be an obvious children education search term.School and Home in United States, which is akin to schoolhome. Schoolhome would to a fault be a good derived term, but this is slightly more nominative than descriptive. Moreover, using United States as an example gives geographical criteria to indexing term. Family School Relationship expands on Children Education with relationship between Family and School. It overly broadens the scope by detailing what the school iron out would be about. School Reform is a good term that points the search in the direction of planning and results for Transforming American Education.These 5 free- indexed terms would all be in Mais user and requirement areas, since some of the terms might be meaningful to those experts comely to think of using jargon as search terms. Assigned Indexing (ERIC) Educational Change I found that education was a better term over school for reform, but facial expression that my subject terms School Reform and Rethinking Schools for Changing Families are still appropriate in that they speak to individual schools (as in a study), although in the grand schema of the database it does not help to split hairs.In ERIC, education reform was educational change (as of 1996, although reform is still comm all used in society) and the confine regarded modification of things such as curriculum and teaching methods, which matches the article. Educational Philosophy It is a good match, in that reflects the articles context and themes. Social Environment It means social factors or conditions that influence individuals or groups. It is a broader phrase than Social Context for Children Education. Family School Relationship It has a placeholder for it but no information (i. e. , no related terms, but I take it to be a viable indexing entry).It is also used for school home relationship. School Community Relationship It means formal or informal interactions between an educational institution and the surrounding community, which matches the article. I believe brand name like Domestic Vacuum in Childrens Live, Children of the 90s, Schoolhome, and Rethinking Schools for Changing Families do not have more than use in the thesaurus, but the variations of Social Environment, Educational Philosophy, Family School Relationship, and School Community do an excellent job in re presenting the subject, derived and free terms above.Although I see where my subject analysis was too assign in some places I am leaving the term as-is (except for education reform for school reform, which is not much of a trade seeing how it is actually change) to show the evolution of the indexing process in the assignment and in my mind. To revise my analysis would be like looking in the back of the textbook to do my homework. 6. 7. Compare, Contrast and Justification When I compared the derived and free indexing terms I selected with the descriptors in the ERIC thesaurus I was surprised by the number of them that were not in the ERIC thesaurus.In a few cases there was a close term, but for most there was nothing. This furthered my understanding of not only how challenging it is to select subjects for indexing, but how much harder it would be when faced with a controlled vocabulary. For the most part only the very narrow generic subjects were listed in the thesaurus, the more de scriptive terms were not. In two cases terms I selected actually has a better term in the thesaurus, such as my choice of School Reform compared to the ERIC thesaurus descriptor Educational Change.The thesaurus does a service to the search process by training the indexer to be as strategic as possible in boiling down the essential terms or concepts of an article. My derived and free terms were no less accurate than the assigned terms, because author Susan B. Pickford was indite with an audience in mind and used the brand names to illustrate her article. ERIC is invaluable in not only framing the terminology commonly used for subjects, but also gives the searcher context, such as what the current term used to be, along with a date of the change.This makes research interesting as an historical concept, and seeing how improvements have been made over the years, it helps to sharpen the indexers ear for the best possible match (e. g. , education in lieu of school, change instead of refo rm). As author Stephen Nachmanovich wrote, Creativity exists more in the searching than in the finding. However, in being creative as an indexer, you help the searcher in finding things where he wouldnt normally have considered looking.

Multimedia Design †iOS vs. Android Essay Example for Free

Mul cartridge clipdia Design iOS vs. android EssayiOSi stands for Internet.The term iOS was origin onlyy cognise as iPh superstar OS and was introduced in 2007 along with the for the first cartridge clip iPhone hardw atomic number 18 thingumajig Apple rund. It was the term utilise to describe the softw be that would operate the iPhone and is derived from the term OS X, which is how Apple describes its direct governing body for its Macintosh computers. The X stands for 10 which is the cleanest version of the computer softw be Apple created to operate the desktop and laptop computers they design. The iOS platform is a mobile- twirl- inst aloned software carcass that works standardised a computer system, tho on mobile turns like portable headphones. It is designed to be sm exclusivelyer, high-speed and delectation less power. It also has a forgather good-disposed habituater interface so it works better when a finger is used to interface with the system instea d of a mouse or stylus that has been used in the past to act with operating systems. The iPhone has roam on iOS since its release in 2007. Designed for use with Apples multi-touch thingumabobs, iOS tide overs input with direct manipulation. The system responds to various user gestures, such as pinching, stopping and swiping. Other iOS features includeIntegrated try sponsor enables simultaneous hunting through files, media, applications and email. Gesture recognition bears, for example, shaking the device to undo the to the highest degree youthful action.Google Maps direction services.Push email. movement mobile browser.Integrated camera and video.Integrated media player.Direct approach shot to the Apple Stores catalogue of applications, music, podcasts, television shows and movies. Compatibility with Apples cloud service, iCloud.History2007 iPhone OS 1Revealed aboard the original iPhone in January 2007, the first Applesmartphone operating system was non precondition a particularised name until the following March, with the launch of the first Software Development Kit beta., when it became cognize as iPhone OS. The first iPhone could not support 3G, the copy and paste function, email attachments or MMS and couldnt run trey partiallyy apps. Further modifys included the introduction of the iTunes Music Store, allowing users to purchase music directly onto their phones (through a Wi-Fi connection) for the first magazine, and the ability to create their own ringtones.2008 iPhone OS 2Coinciding with the launch of the iPhone 3G, the second major up attend to the operating system saw the launch of the App Store, leading to the introduction of third party apps and bet ons. Full support for Microsoft Exchange and the option to wipe your phone in the feature of failing to enter your passcode were early(a) new features, the latter being added in a subsequent update. Google Street View was enabled with the 2.2 update, featuring walking, driving and public expatriation options. 2009 iPhone OS 3With the third incarnation for the new 3GS hand raise, the cut, copy and paste function finally became common butt, alongside the long-awaited push notifications for third party apps. Video recording, MMS (multimedia messaging service) and interpretive program carry were also added, and users were given the determine to purchase films, TV shows and speech soundbooks through iTunes. Spotlight search enabled much comprehensive search through email, contacts, calendar, notes and deep down music, and the new voice memo function facilitated the recording and storing of audio notes. Purchasing within apps was also introduced, but only within paid-for apps. The 3.2 version contained a raft of improvements designed for use with the newly released iPad. While not supporting general multitasking, it was make to accommodate the differing resolution of a larger screen than the iPhone, as well as revamping apps specifically for the new platfor m.2010 iOS 4Introduced on June 21 2010, iOS 4 was the first operating system to bear the iOS name, released on the new flagship iPhone 4. Its folder system accommodated the storing of up to 12 similar apps within one mother folder,while multitasking allowed apps to run simultaneously, such as writing an email while listening to Spotify, and sailplaning apps continuing to track your location in the background. iBooks, Apples ebook- acquireing software, and its parent iBookstore was introduced, and the meliorate 5MP iPhone 4 camera was complemented by tap to focus software and 5x digital zoom. The devices new front-facing camera also facilitated video calling feature FaceTime.2011 iOS 52011 saw the launch of the iPhone 4S and with it, iOS 5. The main new feature was Siri, Apples voice- initiate practical(prenominal) assistant that had previously been downloadable from the App Store as a third party app. today coordinated into the OS, Siri instantaneously communicated with other apps to make calls, give up emails and get down text. Containing more than 200 new features, iOS 5 heralded the arrival of iOS user messaging system iMessage, twitter integration crosswise a range of apps and online storage facility iCloud, replacing previous system MobileMe.2012 iOS 6Tim Cook took to the stage at Apples 2012 WorldWide Developers Conference shocked fans by announcing that Google Maps would not feature in latest incarnation iOS 6, and would be replaced by the companys own inbuilt Maps app. Siri also received a makeover, featuring eating house recommendations, the ability to dictate tweets or Facebook statuses and film reviews. A year after Twitter integration into Apples immanent apps, Facebook was added to the fold, and Apple launched its answer to Google Wal allow, Passbook, will collated tickets, boarding passes and coupons within the single app.2013 iOS 7iOS 7 marked a radical aesthetic departure for Apple, masterminded by Sir Jony Ive, and debuted on the twin release of the iPhones 5s and 5c. The new flattened and pared-back user interface drew praise and criticism in equal measures. The single-swipe hold up centre feature allowed users to speedily recover key settings such as WiFi, Airplane mode, Bluetooth and the newly-introduced torch with step forward having to delve into the Settings menu. Siri was upgraded to both male and egg-producing(prenominal) voices, and redesigned to understand French and German. Other changes included a new camera interface with a square(p) moving-picture show mode, wide-cut multitasking for all apps and new wallpapers.2014 iOS 8Announced at the 2014 WWDC conference in June, iOS 8 will feature new frameworks HealthKit and HomeKit, integrating apps to track health entropy and the standardisation of controlling internet-enabled shell appliances. It is expected to ship on the iPhone 6, which Apple is believed to be preparing to announce at next weeks special(prenominal) level offt in San Francis co. Other new features include being able to sent audio and video messages by holding down a record button while inside the Messages app, new predictive write feature QuickType and the new and improved file hosting service iCloud Drive.FeaturesWith an easy-to-use interface, tremendous features and security at its core, iOS 8 is the prat of iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. Its designed to look beautiful and work beautifully, so tied(p) the simplest tasks are more engaging. And because iOS 8 is locomotive engineered to take full advantage of the advanced technologies built into Apple computer hardware, your devices are al moods years in the lead from day one to day when ever.Elegant and intuitive interfaceFrom the importation you pick up iPhone, iPad or iPod touch, you know how to use it. Thats because iOS was designed to be easy to understand. The simple-yet-beautiful Home screen invites you to discover for from each one one of the built-in apps. So straight away, youre browsi ng your favourite websites, capturing a few advisedids or texting your friends. And no matter what youre doing or what app youre using, every(prenominal)thing feels easy, intuitive and even fun. Built-in features and apps that make your device and you more capable iOS and an ever-expanding prayer of features and built-in apps make iPhone, iPad and iPod touch even more powerful, innovative and a rejoice to use. 1. Photos Every photo you take is ready to edit and shell out in seconds, straight from your iOS device. And you can search for your favourite photos by time, location and album, or browse by Collections and Moments smart groupings of your photos and videos based on time and place. 2. Messages Messages permits you organise any kind of message, any way you ask to send it. Tap to add your voice to a conversation. Send a video of what youre seeing themoment youre seeing it.And now you can manage your group conversations by naming them, adding and removing contacts, m uting them or leaving them altogether. 3. Music When it comes to your music, this is household base. form playlists for every mood. Or let Genius do it for you. 4. Maps Apple-designed from the ground up (and the sky down), this built-in app shows you incredulous detail even at full zoom. Maps keeps street names where they belong and keeps you heading in the indemnify direction with spoken turn-by-turn navigation. 5. Face Time With a tap, you can make video calls or audio-only calls from your iPhone or iPad to someone elses. And you can do it over Wi-Fi or cellular networks. So you can be there, even when youre not there. 6. Safari Its the worlds well-nigh popular mobile browser. Safari puts the focus where it should be the web. When you open a web page, the address and navigation bars move out of the way until you need them. Bookmarks are easy to add and edit, and features like Reading List, Shared Links and iCloud Tabs let you get to the discipline you need when you need it.7. AirDrop Sharing with AirDrop is faster and more convenient than an email or a text, especially when the person you want to share with isnt in your Contacts. Just tap to send photos, videos, contacts and anything else from any app with a Share button to anyone nearby whos also running iOS 8 or OS X Yosemite. 8. Health Now your activity tracker, namet rate monitor, and other health and physical fitness apps can talk to each other. Which means theyll be able to work even harder for you. And all the education is companionable in one easy-to-read dashboard. 9. AirPlay AirPlay lets you radioly stream whats on your iOS device to your HDTV and speakers via Apple TV. Or mirror exactly whats on your display to the big screen. Holiday photos, blockbusters, the latest games you choose how to go large. ironware and software made for each other.Because Apple makes both the hardware and the operating system for iPad, iPhone and iPod touch, everything is designed to work together. So apps take full advantage of hardware features such as the dual-core processor, accelerated graphics, wireless antennas and more. Multitasking is a perfect example. iOS learns when you like to use your apps and updates the content in them at power-efficient times, like when your device is already in use and committed to Wi-Fi. So the content in your favourite apps stays up todate without a major drain on your battery. With the App Store, theres almost no limit to what your iOS device can do. iOS is the platform for well over a million mobile apps and counting.And every app starts with the right DNA. So weve made iOS 8 the biggest release for developers since the introduction of the App Store. It offers new APIs to enable even more amazing features and bold new technologies for game development. And the App Store makes all of these apps easy to access, easy to search and easy to buy using the same account you use for iTunes. Just browse the App Store on your iOS device and downl oad them with a tap. iCloud. Everything you need.Anywhere you need it.iCloud makes sure all your devices always confirm the latest versions of your most of the essence(predicate) things, including documents, apps, contacts, calendar events and more. iCloud Drive lets you access all your files from any device. With Family Sharing, all your photos, videos, music and iTunes purchases can be divided up easily with your family across multiple Apple devices. Find My iPhone serve wells you locate your lost iPhone, iPad, iPod touch or Mac. And iCloud Keychain firm remembers your user names, passwords and credit card information so you dont have to.Easy to update.iOS updates are free. And theyre available to download wirelessly on your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch the moment theyre released. Your device even alerts you when its time to get the latest version. So you wont miss out on all the amazing features in new updates.Safety and security come standard.iOS provides built-in security fro m the moment you turn on your device. Thats because the hardware, firmware and operating system come with built-in features designed to servicing your device and what you put on it stay safe.1. Security.Malware and viruses arent confined to desktops anymore. They can infect mobile devices too. Which is wherefore Apple takes security seriously when it comes to iOS. For starters, hardware and firmware features are designed to protect against malware and viruses, while iOS features helper to secure yourpersonal information. spirit ID lets you use your fingerprint as a passcode, preventing unauthorised access to your device. When you use a passcode, it automatically encrypts and protects your email, calendar events, contacts, reminders, notes, messages and third-party apps.2. Privacy.iOS is designed to put your privacy first. If an app wants your location information or data from Calendar, Contacts, Reminders or Photos, it needs your permission first. And you have complete control of how Health and HealthKit use your data. Your conversations over iMessage and FaceTime are encrypted, including predictive text. So no-one but you and the person youre talking to can see or read whats being said. And features built into Safari give you the ability to browse privately, block cookies and prevent websites from bring in you.3. Find My iPhone Activation Lock.Your iPhone is your iPhone, no matter where it is. The same goes for your iPad and iPod touch. Because security features in iOS make it very unmanageable for anyone whos not you to use or sell your device. Turning off Find My iPhone or erasing your device requires your Apple ID and password. Find My iPhone can also continue to display a customised message, even after your device is erased. And your Apple ID and password are required before anyone can reactivate it.4. iCloud Keychain.Most of the websites you visit right away require user names and passwords. Remembering them all can be tough, but you can let iCl oud Keychain do it for you. It stores your website user names and passwords on the devices youve approved, protects them with robust 256-bit AES encryption and keeps them up to date on each device. Then it automatically fills them in whenever and wherever you need them. Password Generator can even adumbrate unique, hard-to-guess passwords for your online accounts. iCloud Keychain works with credit card information too, so checking out takes no time at all. handiness built in.iOS includes a variety of accessibility features that help people with disabilities have it away more of what iPhone, iPad and iPod touch have tooffer. The built-in VoiceOver screen reader allows those who are blind or have low vision to hear a description of the item theyre touching on the screen. Made for iPhone Hearing Aids are Bluetooth devices that allow you to experience clearer phone conversations and music, and you can manage them directly from your iOS device. With Guided Access, you can restrict an i OS device to one app, and even limit the amount of time spent in an app. Which can be facilitative to people with autism or other attention and sensory challenges. And Switch make gives individuals with limited physical or motor skills complete control of their device through turn over access. iOS also offers many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) other beneficial accessibility features, such as dynamic screen magnification, playback of closed-captioned video, mono audio, simplified screen gestures and more.iOS knows many languages.iPhone, iPad and iPod touch support keyboard and dictionary functions for multiple languages and dialects. Switch languages on the fly.iOS lets you take your pick of over 35 system languages and easily switch between them. Because the keyboard is software-based, you can select from over 55 different layouts with support for diacritic marks on characters, and contextual character options for Japanese. VoiceOver reads screens in more than 35 languages, and Voice Control understands over 20 languages.Advantages1. Camera Camera Shoot in burst mode, only click on capture and then press volume button You can take Picture continuously. 2. Multitasking The phone has multitasking features. drug user can running two or more Apps at a same time. 3. Airdrop You can do sharing of document and Apps with the desktop by Wi-Fi. You can share document at a time with multiple people. 4. iBeacon iBeacon facility is newly added in iOS7. The sharing of document and Apps by the sensor via Bluetooth Low brawn (BLE). 5. Automatic Update The iOS 7 update regularly with their application. It also has manually update options. 6. High reanimate The iOS 7 has provide high speed to idevises . 7. Kids Categories The iOS 7 has children and parents according applications. The new features has a new part of the App Store. 8. Automatic Backgrounds Refresh In iOS 7 Background refresh regularly get refresh. And it refresh its exclusively application. 9. Out of the way interfaces User can make interfacewith friends by different ways. 10. Delete patchwork iOS 7 has delete Clutter and textures automatic. By this facility iOS 7 is safe with any Malware.androidIntroducing mechanical man. The worlds most powerful mobile platform. Theres no other software quite like Android. Google engineered Android, and Googles own apps run exceed on it. And with millions of apps, games, songs, and videos on Google Play, Android is great for fun, and for getting things done. Android devices come in all kinds of sizes, with all sorts of features, and at all sorts of prices. Each version of Android is named after a dessert, and the most recent version of Android is Jelly Bean. With Android, youre in control of your mobile experience.Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. Its the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fastevery day another million users power up their Android d evices for the first time and start flavor for apps, games, and other digital content. Android gives you a world-class platform for creating apps and games for Android users everyplace, as well as an open marketplace for distributing to them instantly.HistoryV1.0- Marked the first commercial release of Android. At this time it was not widely available but had many new features that were important and still used today. These included Android Market for application upates and for new Applications Web Browser for full XTML/hypertext markup language web browsing.Google Apps full set of app by Google(Mail,SMS,Maps etc.)V1.1- This was a update to 1.0 that had many bug fixes and added a few features such as a Maps update. It was only available for ther T-Mobile G1.V1.5 or Cupcake was released in April 2009. It had several new approvements. Among the new features were Widgets for embedded small appsContacts improvements including the pictures added to ever contact Animations for smooth scr olling and screen changesBluetooth support update for audio pairing and sharingV1.6 or donut was released in September of 2009 and had many improvementsVoice and Text ImprovementsTouch Screen improvementsMulti select for photosCamera access improvements and faster accessSearch Option for faster accessV2.0/2.0.1/2.1 or Eclair was released in Oct 2009 and had several improvements and looks unmistakably similar to todays Android versions.Bluetooth 2.1 supportHardware and U.I. improvementsCalendar improvements for date and not settings depend Sync improvements allow user to sync cultivable account on one phoneMulti Touch improvements to allow better multitouch supportScreen size and dividing line improvements. Include bigger screens and better contrast ratiosAndroid 2.2/2.2.1/2.2.2/2.2.3 or Frozen Yogurt (Froyo) was released May of 2010 and improved on many features. There were many key features in this version of Android including Adobe Flash support for rich web contentSpeed and me mory improvementsCloud messaging supportUSB tetheringMulti Language supportBluetooth dock and car supportWiFi hotspots supportJIT Compilation for application speed improvements2.3/2.3./2.3.3./2.3.4 or Gingerbread was released in December of 2010 and as of the time of this writing has stimulate the most widely used Android version. Some of the new features included U.I. or Interface improvements gave it a more simple but quicker interface Virtual Keyboard updated and improved fora better and faster layout. copy/paste enhancements where a user could just press and hold bleak Codec support for more audio/video formatsPower Management enhancementsgyroscope/barometers supportinput enhancements for game developersV 3.0/3.1/3.2 or Honeycomb was released in Feb of 2011 and was a tablet(and later Google TV) only release. Some of its features included holographic interface that was optimized for a tablet U.I.Improved keyboard support for larger screensMulti Core processor supportHardware a cceleration for faster hardwareview gallery in full screen interface transcription bar for better multitasking that allows you to switch from one app to another. Resizable home screen widgets(3.1+)external keyboard/mouse support (3.1+)FLAC audio codec support (3.1+)Android 4.0/4.01 was first released in Oct 2011 and was a major improvment upon both 2.x and 3.x. It go awayed both interfaces and had full support for both phones and tablets. Some of the notable features included Folder system improvements making easier to create.Launcher improved to be customizableTabbed Browsing improved to allow up to 16 tabsfacial recognition support to lockup/unlocking phonephoto editor built in to Android 4.xAndroid Beam support to share contacts and filesChrome Bookmark sync supportWi-Fi direct support to connect with other users without access contingent User Interface hardware acceleration for faster access.Android 4.1 Android Jellybean saw full release in early 2012 and improved on Android 4.0 in many ways. It took the common features of Android 4.0 and made it more fluid. Some features includeBrowser has improved performance,CPU and memory efficiencyFull HTML 5 support to bring Android up to new web standards Calendar is improved and has features blend with one another bidirectional text means more input languages to make the platform accessible to more people around the world. dictionaries are now more accurate and more relevantA update to Android 4.1 is now available. It is still counted as Jellybean but updated to new features that include Photo field of force allows you to use take 360 degree pictures among other new camara features Gesture Typing lets you type much faster but takes some getting used to but can make typing much faster. Google Now updated with new featuresAndroid 5.0 Key Lime Pie rumored to be the next version of Android.Global partnerships and large installed baseBuilding on the contributions of the open-source Linux community and more than 300 hardware, software, and carrier partners, Android has rapidly become the fastest-growing mobile OS. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide. Androids openness has made it a favorite for consumers and developers alike, driving strong growth in app consumption. Android users download more than 1.5 billion apps and games from Google Play each month. With its partners, Android is continuously pushing the boundaries of hardware and software forward to bring new capabilities to users and developers. For developers, Android innovation lets you build powerful, differentiated applications that use the latest mobile technologies.Powerful development frameworkEasily optimize a single binary for phones, tablets, and other devices. Android gives you everything you need to build best-in-class app experiences. It gives you a single application model that lets you deploy your apps broadly to hundreds of millions of users across a wide range of devicesfrom phones to tablets and beyond. Android also gives you tools for creating apps that look great and take advantage of the hardware capabilities available on each device. It automatically adapts your UI tolook its best on each device, while expectant you as much control as you want over your UI on different device types. For example, you can create a single app binary thats optimized for both phone and tablet form factors.You declare your UI in lightweight sets of XML resources, one set for parts of the UI that are common to all form factors and other sets for optimzations specific to phones or tablets. At runtime, Android applies the correct resource sets based on its screen size, density, locale, and so on. To help you develop efficiently, the Android Developer Tools offer a full Java IDE with advanced features for developing, debugging, and packaging Android apps. exploitation the IDE, you can develop on any available Android device or create virtual devices that emulate any hardware config uration. Open marketplace for distributing your appsGoogle Play is the premier marketplace for selling and distributing Android apps. When you publish an app on Google Play, you reach the huge installed base of Android. As an open marketplace, Google Play puts you in control of how you sell your products. You can publish whenever you want, as often as you want, and to the customers you want. You can distribute broadly to all markets and devices or focus on specific segments, devices, or ranges of hardware capabilities. You can monetize in the way that works best for your businesspriced or free, with in-app products or subscriptionsfor highest engagement and revenues.You also have complete control of the pricing for your apps and in-app products and can set or change prices in any supported currency at any time. Beyond growing your customer base, Google Play helps you build visibility and engagement across your apps and brand. As your apps rise in popularity, Google Play gives them h igher placement in weekly top charts and rankings, and for the best apps promotional slots in curated collections. Preinstalled on hundreds of millions of Android devices around the world, Google Play can be a growth engine for your business.FeaturesTake Google with you.Take Google with you on your mobile device all the Google products you know and love, designed to work best on Android phones and tablets.Search the webThe fastest, easiest way to find what you need on the web and your phone or tablet. Enjoy the power of Google search wherever you are. With Google Now, get just the right information at just the right time. Browse fast on your Android phone or tablet with Chrome. put up your personalized Chrome experience with you anywhere you go.Navigate your WorldNever get lost as you go to new places and old favorites. Get voice-guided turn-by-turn GPS navigation to your destination, powerful local search with full place reviews and summaries from Zagat editors, detailed maps with 3D buildings, live traffic information and more with Google Maps for Android.Connect ShareStay connected and share epic moments as they happen. Start a group video chat on the go with up to nine people at once with Google+ Hangouts, and never lose another mobile photo with Instant Upload.Be entertainedGet all your apps entertainment in one place. Google Play brings you the worlds largest collection of eBooks, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, and a growing excerption of magazines plus over 600,000 apps and games. With Google Play, you can now read, listen and honour anywhere you want on your tablet, phone, or on the web at play.google.com no wires, no syncing and no storage costs. YouTube puts millions of videos at your fingertips, available on the go wherever you are.Create CollaborateGoogle Drive gives you one place to create, share, collaborate and keep your stuff, accessible on all your devices. With Gmail, get smarter email wherever you are, integrat ed with contacts and apps on your Android phone or tablet.Your stuff, always available, no wires needed.When you sign in to your phone or tablet with Google, you can access all of your Google stuff (contacts, photos, Gmail and more) quickly and easily. You can also enjoy all of your favorite entertainment across your Android devices and even your computer no wires, no syncing.Play everywhere you go.Google Play is the easiest way to enjoy all your favorites more than 700,000 apps and games, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, the worlds largest collection of eBooks, and a growing selection of magazines. With Google Play, theres no wires, no hassle, just pure entertainment. You can now read, listen and watch anywhere you wanton your tablet, phone, or in any browser at play.google.com. Powerful, simple, and beautifulMillions of people use Android because its so powerful yet still so easy. The home screen, apps, and widgets are simple to use right out of the box, but c ompletely customizable. With Android, you can create a unique mobile experience thats just right for you. Widgets Put the important stuff right within reach and interact with your favorite apps directly from your home screen with widgets see the latest sport scores, view your favorite photos, check the weather or peek at your inbox all without having to open different apps or leave the home screen. Notifications An easy-to-read notification tray gives you quick access to your calls, incoming texts, and new emails in a non-intrusive way.Multi-tasking With Android, you can quickly and seamlessly switch between apps and pick up whatever you were doing. Juggling multiple tasks at once on a mobile device has never been easier. Voice typing and actions Control your Android device with your voice. Simply touch the microphone on the keyboard and start talking to write emails, SMS, or any other text more than 30 languages supported. Text appears in real time, so theres no waiting. Phot os and videos Capture special moments with great photos and videos, explore your shots and quickly share your favorites in any way that you want.

Should Parents Be Obliged to Immunise Their Children Against Childhood Diseases Essay Example for Free

Should Parents Be Obliged to Immunise Their Children Against Childhood Diseases EssaySome people argue that the accede does not have the right to make parents inoculate their children. However, I feel the question is not whether they should inoculate but whether, as members of society, they have the right not to.Preventative medicine has proved to be the nigh effective way of reducing the incidence of fatal childhood diseases. As a result of the widespread practice of immunising young children in our society, many lives have been saved and the diseases have been reduced to almost zero. In previous centuries children died from ordinary illnesses such(prenominal) as influenza and tuberculosis and because few people had immunity, the diseases spread easily. Diseases such as dysentery were the result of poor hygiene but these have long been eradicated since the arrival of good sanitization and clean water. Nobody would suggest that we should reverse this good practice now becaus e dysentery has been wiped out.Serious diseases such as polio and smallpox have also been eradicated through national immunisation programmes. In consequence, children not protect are far less at risk in this disease-free society than they would otherwise be. Parents choosing not to immunise are relying on the fact that the diseases have already been eradicated. If the number of parents choosing not to immunise increased, there would be a similar increase in the risk of the diseases returning.Immunisation is not an issue like seatbelts which affects precisely the individual. A decision not to immunise will have widespread repercussions for the whole of society and for this reason, I do not believe that individuals have the right to stand aside. In my opinion immunisation should be obligatory.

Importance of Education Essay Example for Free

Importance of genteelness EssayThe Importance of Education What is the right way to educate? Our society has forgotten that the reason teachs live on is to create psyches non c atomic number 18ers. Education plays a critical role in the development of our humanity. What is the appropriate burn up to educate our bookmans in order for them to succeed? Motivation is their key to success quite simply. A instructor humiliating a student in front of their classmates can lead to a negative shock in the students lifetime much(prenominal) as becoming unsocial and causing them a mental discomfort in which in turn could lead to something far more sinister. In the bind The Differences Between us French and American Classrooms mentions a French film The Class, in which a teacher makes fun of his students after they respond incorrectly to a question. When they too fail, he in turn ridicules them. Later, losing his mode at two students, he labels them what roughly translates as bitche s (Gillard). This teacher is unaw atomic number 18 of the impact his remarks may endure on the students being insulted. The students are being emotion whollyy and verb onlyy abused. The first five minutes on her first day she was mortified to tears by a teacher outraged that she had rushed in after the bell while her peers waited beside their desks (Gillard).Some of the various effects emotional abuse may causa are bringing the students self-esteem level down, making them insecure, and therefore developing severe depression. Statistics show that pass away familys students overhear been victims of verbal abuse. 36. 5 % of youth seduces nine through twelve relieve oneself attempted suicide. 20. % of those attempts resulted in medical care (compassionpower. com). In the United States we believe in equating among all students. Providing accommodations for those with learning disabilities, this beat is cl untimely what differentiates the U. S education system from that of former (a) countries. Educators rolled their eyes when I asked about in-class accommodations for learning disabilities and individualized education innovations (Gillard).When other countries compare their students to those of the U.S they should keep in mind they are competing against those with learning disabilities as well. I was present for the dictation, given in a first grade class that had three little boys in a state of collapse (Gillard). Education in France and other nations start children so early in their development and harsh education plan that at such an early stage they to become insecure. The U. S knows there is a exigency in reforming education.They already have reforms taking place such as the five pillars mentioned by President Obama. Investing in early childhood initiatives like Head Start encouraging better standards and assessments, by focusing on testing itineraries that better fit our kids and the world they live in recruiting, preparing, and rewarding outstandin g teachers, by giving incentives for a new generation of teachers and for new levels of excellence from all of our teachers. Promoting innovation and excellence in Americas schools by supporting charter schools, reforming the school calendar and the complex body part of the school day.Providing every American with a quality higher educationwhether its college or technical training (whitehouse. gov). Statistics show the percentage of high school dropouts among 16-24 year olds declined from 11. 8 percent in 1998 to 8. 1 percent in 2009 (afterschoolstars. org). Being sociable is fundamental in a career furthermore, in opening greater job opportunities. After school activities have been proved to help reduce the use of drugs, smoking, drinking and engaging in sexual activity.Last tho not least, activities help decrease the chances of been overweight. The school ran from 8am to 5pm with a two hour long gaps scattered throughout the schedule. This structure precluded school-wide social izing as well as sponsored afternoon sports or drama activities (Gillard). The French education plan is misleading their students from their road to success, by engaging them in being unsociable. Countries such as France are already verbally abusing children and making them have issues such as been unsociable that preventing them from taking part of after school activities is just crossing the line.In the book Me Talk Pretty One Day David an American student is studying French in France. He came into class confident in the several words he had learned, until he heard his teachers remarks to his classmates answers. More to the point, how often is one asked and then publicly ridiculed for his answer? (Sedaris). This French teacher now has not only scared them away but limited the chance of them asking questions in regards to the subject been studied. Asking questions helps a student understand the subject at a greater extend.Our daughter described the terror she felt and er peers sh owed when making presentations in a philosophy class, stuttering in the face of the teachers frequent interruptions of unimpressive, or, really? (Gillard). Making these comments the students learn to feel unconfident in their work and themselves. Other countries should definitely consider reforming the way their teachers educate their students. A positive learning modality in a school for young children is a composite of many things. It is an attitude that respects children. It is a place where children receive guidance and encouragement from the responsible adults around them.It is an environment where children can experiment and pass judgment out new ideas without fear of failure. It is an atmosphere that builds children self-confidence so that they dare to take risks. It is an environment that nurtures the crawl in of learning, (quotes. dictionary. com). Teachers should only bring in positive feedback to their students and point out their mistakes to show them where they wen t wrong. Our society is under so much pressure to succeed. Students need to realize it is ok to be wrong, practice makes perfect.Teachers in other countries need to become more educated to be aware that they are emotionally and verbally scarring students. The U. S equality among students is a subject that should be mimicked by other countries. As our population increases more and more students are becoming victims of this unprofessional teachers. These countries need to stop competing for top scores and focus on the way teachers are applying education to students. The consequences can be life changing. Education should be considered a sacred privilege that all children must have to excel.

Autobiography of a Classroom Essay Example for Free

Autobiography of a Class direction EssayI am a very big class inhabit in a well-k nowadaysn public school. I cater to needs of the kindergarten class of the school, accommodating I think roughly eighty five children, a big number isnt it? I understand that I am the best looking room in the school as, the very underage children study hither. I am very attractively decorated so that the little ones like to come here every day. The room that is me is decorated with beautiful coloured pictures. The walls are a blend of some colours I do not know the names of.The article of piece of furniture that is placed in the length and breadth of the room consists of small round tables to seat four children on apiece table, and the chairs are also tiny. That is not all, all the furniture is a mixture of piece of musicy colours. When the children come inside(a) the class they al about fight to sit on certain chairs. That makes me understand that they like the colours and fight for their f avourite colours to sit on. At the wind two ends of the length of the classroom there are two bigger tables and teeming size chairs for the teachers to sit.Since there are so many children there are two teachers while in other classes there is only one each. I am a treat for everyone to see. My pleasure knows no bounds when everyone who comes inside the class, admires me, appreciates my get up and the colours that don me. I admit the twin advantage of being the most beautiful room in the school and also having the cutest of children coming to spend their time with me. Thus, my carriage is full of beauty, colour, noise and laughter and at time of course also crying and howling of the children.At propagation some invigorated entrants to the school come to me with their mothers and, cry as if they had come to the slaughter house to be andchered. At such moments even by heart cries for the little ones and I wonder why man makes these little children come to study if they do no t want to. I of course do not know how important studies are for human children, I only feel sad seeing the children cry. My deportment is full of a very busy schedule though very interesting.The routine of my daily support is so busy that, I do not get any relief for quite hanker hours. In the morning as early as 6 a. m.two sweepers come open the lock of my room or rather me, and off they start working on me. They sweep my floor, squab it, dust each and every piece of the furniture in me. Thus, I get alerted as soon the room is unlocked. It is not even 8 a. m. when the little brats start pouring inside my bodys doors. At times they enter with so much noise that my whole body feels the rattle of it all. Their movements are so bum that now, I shtupnot even think of any rest. School bags get flung, tiffin boxes are strewn all about, weewee bottles are kept just anywhere and there is a lot of commotion all over. in brief the maid enters the room and keeps everything in order and my appearance at once improves and I look respectable and well kept. For these small ones the school hours are just three from, 8 a. m. to 11 a. m. These three hours is my province time, and just is the time when I also get the days entertainment. Being a classroom for the Kindergarten children I get a great chance of hearing conversations between the teachers and the parents. Since this is the first time their children have entered school, parents devote a lot of time to talking about the school and its standards.At times I find that some parents are just too critical and, inspite of getting all the best in this school they always seem to be distressed and dissatisfied with something or the other in the school. much(prenominal) parents keep lecturing about things missing in the classroom, the school or even in the playground. When I hear such complaints, my heart sinks and I wonder if they will set aside or not allow their children to come to me any more,. For such conversation s I have understood that, these days parents pamper the children too much, and it seems that they can never yes, never be satisfied.I am quite surprised to see the vast residuum in opinions. While on the one hand I, and also many parents think that I am very beautiful, well kept, and decorated, others of the same clan are always complaining of many defects in my appearance. This gives me a feeling of depression and I do wonder if I can do anything in the matter. later some thinking bouts, I realize that, I can do nothing to satisfy these unhappy parents. I am just here in the hands of the school authorities and stand here as and how they keep me. My working hours are just six, from 6 a. m. when sweepers enter to say 12 noon when I am locked after all children go.After my duty hours I just relax but also feel lonely. No matter what is said about me, I am thoroughly enjoying my life in the cute company of little children. Their company makes me also feel young though now I am quite old. Every summer vacation I am painted afresh, my furniture is painted, and, I am ready to welcome my little friends, new and old with a new look, new enthusiasm and renewed vigour. I pray that my life is forever allowed to remain so interesting and so relaxed. I just love all the children and teachers who come here to me, to work and play in the limit area within my four walls.

A Red, Red Rose Essay Example for Free

A Red, Red move EssayRobert Burns wrote A Red, Red Rose and edited by Peter Urbani. It was counterbalance in printed in 1794 in A Selection of Scottish Songs. This was shown in ballad stanzas beca subroutine it was composed with four get out stanzas or quatrains, having alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines which emphasized that the first and terzetto lines of each stanza had four stressed syllables, or beats whereas the second and fourth lines had three stressed syllables. The line of this verse form Thats sweet / ly playd / in tune was an example of iambic meter in which the first syllable was unaccented and the second was stressed. The implication of this metrical composition was about(predicate) the thoughts and descriptions of have intercourse in a way that exceeded beyond the non literary sources from which the verse was drawn. The poet first similarly declared his whap in a blooming rose in spring and then in a melody sweetly playd in tune. For me, these similes indicated the stunner and happiness of being in go to sleep. The metaphor sands o life pointed out the eternal disposition of the writers love that explained the extent of his love.There were much imagery menti wizardd here like the pretext red that meant love and passion and the exquisite image of the rose was represented by the recapitulation of the affectation red. The word Newly Sprung intended for his sincere and great love. As I analyzed this piece, I obtained the noesis and information about the true importee of love. The way he illustrated his love, I observed that for him it was precious and expense keeping for. Burns also declared that once we felt love and it was true, it must be for a lifetime. Till a the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun, meant that no matter how far or adjacent the lovers were, love will always be in that respect and stays forever. The entire logic of this poesy is about the unconditional love that he buns offer t o the one he used to love. The true love in a sensible way was being illustrated by John Frederick Nims in his poem entitle Love Poem. The love that was impossible and unreachable was also the idea being shown by this sonnet. The essence of gummy to the one you love regardless of his imperfect qualities was the theme of this poem.From the metaphors in Nims piece, he brought to reality the look-alike of a very clumsy individual. All devotion, at your knees meant that patronage of that unpleasant quality, she was so beautiful, charming and refine. Her effective qualities were the reason why those who knew her keep her. From the lines So gayly in loves unbreakable heaven/Our souls on rejoice of spilt bourbon float, it characterized that even clumsiness wouldnt affect his love. The line Their souls float on spilt bourbon, which proved that they were happy with the front of her fault.The metaphor in the line Be with me darling early and late, meant that they must stayed together du ring their youth and when they became old. The meaning of this line Her hands, which shipwreck vases,/At whose quick touch all glasses chip and ring, showed the gracefulness of people. , and should your hands gloam white and empty/All the toys of the world would break, described that the things she did using her hands wouldnt fade off but will still remain and unreplacable.There were also symbolic images like my clumsiest dear, chip and ring, asshole in china and a bur in linen that showed the partnership of appreciation and condemnation. But in the stanza The refugee uncertain at the door/you make at home(6 7) he commended the quality of his lover as a charitable one. Nevertheless, the whole idea of this poem was about the exposition of the girl he loved, her confident(p) and detrimental side. He wanted to share the readers that in loving a mortal, we must adore his severe qualities and love them despite of flawed qualities.The two poems are the same in iambic meter and in quatrains. The tone of both writers as they convey their feelings on their loved ones shows that they are so much in love with love. They are so sincere in expressing their affection and passion towards their lovers with no hesitation and no limitation. When it comes to the voice according to the writers, I prat see that Burns is so mesmerised to his lover. All the things that he dope see are all beautiful and the way he promises his love is so precious for him.As we go deeper beyond the meaning of the poem, the compose doesnt mind the negative traits of his lover nor mentions his flaws. Nevertheless, Burns only indicates how big his love is for the girl whom he loved. Moreover, how he promises that he can offer and sacrifice a lot for the fulfillment of his love. While, Nims obviously starts his poem in a diametrical way. He shows the negative side of his lover. He even mentions the wrong impressions toward his girl. He doesnt even beat to cover up the flaws of the one he lov es instead of covering, he exposes the blemishes of his lover.However, the author doesnt mean that he just wants to intimidate his girl but proudly tell the whole world and all the readers that despite of her flaws and shortcomings, he loved her so much. Now the difference of the two poems when it comes to declaring the love for their special someone is that the first author loves without looking or even mentioning the flaws of his girl or loving the person unconditionally fleck the latter explains how to love by accepting the reality that a person has the negative and positive characteristics.The symbols or images use in both poems also differ. Burns uses similes that focus on the natural resources like rose, music, seas, sun, sands, and rocks. For me, it implies that the author is a nature lover. He shares to the readers that when we are in love, the beauty of the things that surrounds us are all that we can see and appreciate and it gives a happy feeling. While, Nims uses metaph ors where in the center idea is about the things or toys that can cause noise and to the things that we usually use everyday like vases, glasses, bulls, burs, dime and toys.In here, he shows the poem as if it is in a movie or in a story telling type. He details what are the happenings and how he accepts the flaws of the one he loves. For me, this poem is so interesting because he directs the readers to the conduct situation of the things that are happening to him. He never hides the flaws of his girl maybe because the true meaning of this poem is about acceptance. According to my evaluation, accepting the weaknesses of the one he loves will show the true meaning of love.We slangt have to hide the imperfections of our loved ones because if we learn to love and accept them despite of the blemishes of the one we use to love, I think the power of love will strongly manifest and cant be broken or shaken easily. But for me, both poems are so interesting and appealing. In reality, there are two kinds of lovers. The first one is the one who doesnt see the negative side of the person that he used to love because he is blinded by his love while the other one is that he sees first the weaknesses of his lover and then learn to love that person.Both kind of love is fiery and ideal. Learning how to love though in different ways depends upon the person but we must love unconditionally, fervently, without hesitation and reservation, with acceptance and forgiveness, and by showing it through actions and words.Works CitedBurns, Robert A Red, Red Rose http//www. poemhunter. com/poem/a-red-red-rose/ Nims, John Frederick Love Poem http//www. poemhunter. com/poem/love-poem/

African American Culture Essay Example for Free

African American Culture EssayAfrican American culture in the United States includes the various heathen customs dutys of African heathen groups. It is both detonate of and distinct from American culture. The U. S. nosecount Bureau de bonnys African Americans as people having origins in any of the Black race groups of Africa. 1 African American culture is indigenous to the descendants in the U. S. of survivors of the Middle Passage. It is rooted in Africa and is an amalgam of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although sla actu solelyy greatly restricted the ability of Africans in America to rule their cultural customs, some practices, values and beliefs detaind and everywhere time learn incorporated ele ments of European American culture. There atomic number 18 even out certain facets of African American culture that were brought into being or do much prominent as a allow of slavery an example of this is how drumming became used as a means of co nference and establishing a residential atomic number 18a identity during that time. The result is a dynamic, creative culture that has had and continues to collapse a sonorous impress on mainstream American culture and on world culture as comfortably.After Emancipation, these unambiguously African American usances continued to grow. They mothered into distinctive traditions in music, craftistry, literature, religion, nutriment, holidays, amongst otherwise(a)s. While for some time sociologists, much(prenominal) as Gunnar Myrdal and Patrick Moynihan, believed that African Americans had lost close(prenominal) cultural ties with Africa, anthropological field research by Melville Hersovits and others demo that thither is a continuum of African traditions among Africans in the New World from the westernmost Indies to the United States.The greatest act upon of African cultural practices on European cultures is found below the Mason-Dixon in the southeastern United Stat es, in p blindicular in the Carolinas among the Gullah people and in Louisiana. African American culture very much developed separately from mainstream American culture because of African Americans desire to practice their own traditions, as well as the persistence of racial segregation in America. Consequently African American culture has become a significant p artistic production of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct culture apart from it. account statementFrom the earliest days of slavery, slave owners sought to exercise control over their slaves by attempting to strip them of their African culture. The physical isolation and societal marginalization of African slaves and, later, of their free progeny, however, actually facilitated the retention of significant elements of tralatitious culture among Africans in the New World generally, and in the U. S. in particular. knuckle down owners deliberately tried to shrink political plaque in order to de al with the some(prenominal) slave rebellions that took place in the gray United States, Brazil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas.African cultures,slavery,slave rebellions,and the civil rights movements(circa 1800s-160s) wee shaped African American religious, familial, political and economic behaviors. The take form of Africa is evident in myriad ways, in politics, economics, language, music, tomentumstyles, fashion, dance, religion and worldview, and food preparation methods. In the United States, the very legislation that was designed to strip slaves of culture and deny them education served in many ways to alter it.In turn, African American culture has had a pervasive, transformative wedge on myriad elements of mainstream American culture, among them language, music, dance, religion, cuisine, and agriculture. This demonstrate of mutual creative exchange is expected creolization. Over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact o n not only the dominant American culture, scarce on world culture as well. Oral tradition Slaveholders exceptional or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they believed it might lead to revolts or escape plans.Hence, African- behindd oral traditions became the primary means of preserving register, morals, and other cultural information among the people. This was consistent with the griot practices of oral history in many African and other cultures that did not rely on the written word. Many of these cultural elements have been passed from generation to generation through storytelling. The folktales provided African Americans the opportunity to inspire and educate one another. Examples of African American folktales include trickster tales of Brer Rabbit and heroic tales much(prenominal) as that ofJohn Henry. The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris helped to take up African American folk tales into mainstream adoption. Harris did not appreciate the c omplexity of the stories nor their potential for a lasting impact on society. Characteristics of the African American oral tradition stick themselves in a number of forms. African American preachers tend to perform rather than simply speak. The emotion of the subject is carried through the speakers tone, volume, and movement, which tend to muse the rising action, climax, and descending action of the sermon.Often song, dance, verse and structured pauses be placed throughout the sermon. Techniques such(prenominal) as call-and-response argon used to bring the audience into the presentation. In direct line to recent tradition in other American and western hemisphereern cultures, it is an gratifying and common audience reaction to interrupt and roam the speaker. Spoken word is another example of how the African American oral tradition influences modern American fashionable culture. Spoken word artists employ the same techniques as African American preachers including movement, rhythm, and audience participation. misfortune music from the 1980s and beyond has been seen as an extension of oral culture. Harlem Renaissance pic Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary figure during the Harlem Renaissance. Main article Harlem Renaissance The first of all major public recognition of African American culture occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. In the mid-twenties and 1930s, African American music, literature, and art gained wide notice. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote industrial plant describing the African American experience.Jazz, swing, blues and other musical forms entered American popular music. African American artists such as William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden constituted unique works of art featuring African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was in sum total a time of increased political involvement for African Americans. Among the remarkable Afri can American political movements founded in the early on twentieth century argon the United Negro Improvement affiliation and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.The Nation of Islam, a notable Islamic religious movement, also began in the early 1930s. African American cultural movement The Black Power movement of the 1960s and mid-seventies followed in the wake of the non-violent American Civil Rights Movement. The movement promoted racial pride and ethnic cohesion in contrast to the focus on integration of the Civil Rights Movement, and adopted a much militant posture in the face of racism. It also inspired a new renaissance in African American literary and artistic expression generally referred to as the African American or Black liberal arts Movement. The works of popular recording artists such as Nina Simone (Young, Gifted and Black) and The Impressions (Keep On Pushin), as well as the poetry, fine arts and literature of the time, shaped and refle cted the growing racial and political consciousness. Among the most prominent writers of the African American Arts Movement were poet Nikki Giovanni poet and publisher Don L. Lee, who later became k instantly as Haki Madhubuti poet and playwright Leroi Jones, later known as Amiri Baraka and Sonia Sanchez. Other influential writers were Ed Bullins, Dudley Randall, Mari Evans, June Jordan, Larry Neal and Ahmos Zu-Bolton.Another major aspect of the African American Arts Movement was the infusion of the African aesthetic, a return to a collective cultural sensibility and ethnic pride that was much in evidence during the Harlem Renaissance and in the celebration of Negritude among the artistic and literary circles in the U. S. , Caribbean and the African continent advancely four decades earlier the idea that black is beautiful. During this time, there was a revivification of interest in, and an embrace of, elements of African culture within African American culture that had been suppr essed or devalued to conform to Eurocentric America.Natural hairstyles, such as the afro, and African materialing, such as the dashiki, gained popularity. more importantly, the African American aesthetic encouraged personal pride and political awareness among African Americans. unison pic Men playing the djembe, a handed-down watt African drum adopted into African American and American culture. The bags and the clothing of the man on the right are printed with traditional kente cloth kinds. African American music is rooted in the typically polyrhythmic music of the ethnic groups of Africa, specifically those in the Western, Sahelean, and Sub-Saharan regions.African oral traditions, nurtured in slavery, encouraged the use of music to pass on history, teach lessons, ease suffering, and electrical relay messages. The African pedigree of African American music is evident in some common elements call and response, syncopation, percussion, improvisation, swung notes, blue notes, the use of falsetto, melisma, and complex multi-part harmony. During slavery, Africans in America blended traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals. Many African Americans sing Lift Evry Voice and sing in addition to the American field anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, or in lieu of it.Written by James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900 to be performed for the natal day of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be, a popular way for African Americans to recall past struggles and express ethnic solidarity, belief and hope for the future. The song was adopted as the Negro National Anthem by the NAACP in 1919. African American children are taught the song at school, church or by their families. Lift Evry Voice and Sing traditionally is sung immediately following, or instead of, The Star-Spangled Banner at events hosted by African American churches, schools, and other organizations.In the 1800s, as the result of the blackface minstrel s how, African American music entered mainstream American society. By the early twentieth century, several musical forms with origins in the African American community had transformed American popular music. Aided by the technological innovations of radio and phonograph records, ragtime, jazz, blues, and swing also became popular overseas, and the 1920s became known as the Jazz Age. The early 20th century also saw the creation of the first African American Broadway shows, films such as King Vidors Hallelujah, and operas such as George Gershwins Porgy and Bess.Rock and roll, doo wop, soul, and RB developed in the mid 20th century. These genres became very popular in white audiences and were influences for other genres such as surf. The dozens, an urban African American tradition of using rhyming slang to put put through your enemies (or friends) developed through the smart-ass street jive of the early Seventies into a new form of music. In the South Bronx, the half speaking, half sing ing rhythmic street talk of rapping grew into the hugely successful cultural force known as Hip Hop.Hip Hop would become a multicultural movement. However, it is salvage important to many African Americans. The African American Cultural Movement of the 1960s and 1970s also fueled the issue of funk and later hip-hop forms such as rap, hip house, new hoot swing and go go. African American music has experienced far more widespread bridal in American popular music in the 21st century than ever before. In addition to continuing to develop newer musical forms, modern artists have also started a rebirth of older genres in the form of genres such as neo soul and modern funk-inspired groups. Dance pic.The Cakewalk was the first African American dance to gain widespread popularity in the United States. pic African American dance, like other aspects of African American culture, finds its earliest roots in the dances of the hundreds of African ethnic groups that made up African slaves in t he Americas as well as influences from European sources in the United States. Dance in the African tradition, and thus in the tradition of slaves, was a part of both every day life-time and fussy occasions. Many of these traditions such as get down, ring shouts, and other elements of African bole language survive as elements of modern dance.In the 1800s, African American dance began to appear in minstrel shows. These shows often presented African Americans as caricatures for ridicule to banging audiences. The first African American dance to become popular with White dancers was the cakewalk in 1891. Later dances to follow in this tradition include the Charleston, the Lindy Hop, and the Jitterbug. During the Harlem Renaissance, all African American Broadway shows such as Shuffle Along helped to establish and legitimize African American dancers.African American dance forms such as tap, a combination of African and European influences, gained widespread popularity thanks to dancers such as Bill Robinson and were used by leading White choreographers who often leased African American dancers. Contemporary African American dance is descended from these earlier forms and also draws influence from African and Caribbean dance forms. Groups such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater have continued to contribute to the growth of this form. Modern popular dance in America is also greatly influenced by African American dance.American popular dance has also drawn many influences from African American dance most notably in the hip hop genre. Art pic Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859-1937 From its early origins in slave communities, through the end of the twentieth century, African-American art has made a vital contribution to the art of the United States. During the period between the 1600s and the early 1800s, art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures and ceramic vessels in the southern United States. These arti si tuations have similarities with comparable crafts in West and Central Africa.In contrast, African American artisans like the New Englandestablish engraver Scipio Moorhead and the Baltimore portrait painter Joshua Johnson created art that was conceived in a thoroughly western European fashion. During the 1800s, Harriet Powers made quilts in rural Georgia, United States that are now considered among the finest examples of nineteenth-century Southern quilting. Later in the 20th century, the women of Gees Bend developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional African American quilts with a nonrepresentational simplicity that developed separately but was like that of Amish quilts and modern art.After the American Civil War, museums and galleries began more frequently to display the work of African American artists. Cultural expression in mainstream venues was still limited by the dominant European aesthetic and by racial prejudice. To increase the visi bility of their work, many African American artists traveled to Europe where they had greater freedom. It was not until the Harlem Renaissance that more whites began to pay attention to African American art in America. pic Kara Walker, Cut, Cut paper and adhesive on wall, Brent Sikkema NYC.During the 1920s, artists such as Raymond Barthe, Aaron Douglas, Augusta Savage, and photographer James Van Der Zee became well known for their work. During the Great Depression, new opportunities arose for these and other African American artists under the WPA. In later years, other programs and institutions, such as the New York City-based Harmon Foundation, helped to hold dear African American artistic talent. Augusta Savage, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence and others exhibited in museums and juried art shows, and built reputations and followings for themselves.In the fifties and 1960s, there were very few widely accepted African American artists. despite this, The Highwaymen, a loose standstill of 27 African American artists from Ft. Pierce, Florida, created idyllic, quickly realized images of the Florida landscape and peddled some 50,000 of them from the trunks of their cars. They sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents, thus receiving the name The Highwaymen. Rediscovered in the mid-1990s, today they are recognized as an important part of American folk history.Their artwork is widely collected by enthusiasts and original pieces can easily fetch thousands of dollars in auctions and sales. The Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was another period of resurgent interest in African American art. During this period, several African-American artists gained bailiwick prominence, among them Lou Stovall, Ed Love, Charles White, and Jeff Donaldson. Donaldson and a group of African-American artists formed the Afrocentric collective AFRICOBRA, which remains in existence today.The cutter Ma rtin Puryear, whose work has been acclaimed for years, is being honored with a 30-year retrospective of his work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York starting November 2007. Notable contemporary African American artists include David Hammons, Eugene J. Martin, Charles Tolliver, and Kara Walker. Literature pic Langston Hughes, a notable African American poet of the Harlem Renaissance. African American literature has its roots in the oral traditions of African slaves in America. The slaves used stories and fables in much the same way as they used music.These stories influenced the earliest African American writers and poets in the 18thcentury such as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano. These authors reached early high points by telling slave narratives. During the early 20th century Harlem Renaissance, numerous authors and poets, such as Langston Hughes, W. E. B. Dubois, and Booker T. Washington, grappled with how to respond to discrimination in America. Authors during the Civil Rights era, such as Richard Wright, James Baldwin and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote roughly issues of racial segregation, oppression and other aspects of African American life.This tradition continues today with authors who have been accepted as an integral part of American literature, with works such as Roots The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, and Beloved by Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, and series by Octavia Butler and Walter Mosley that have achieved both best-selling and/or award-winning status. Museums The African American Museum Movement emerged during the 1950s and 1960s to preserve the heritage of the African American experience and to ensure its proper interpretation in American history.Museums devoted to African American history are found in many African American neighborhoods. Institutions such as the African American Museum and Library at Oakland and The African American Museum in Cleveland were created by African Americans to teach and investigate cultural history that, until recent decades was primarily preserved money box oral traditions. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than incline.This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Haiti,and Gullah, common to the Sea Islands off the seashore of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular incline is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language closely associated with the speech of but not exclusive to African Americans.While AAVE is academically considered a legi timate dialect because of its logical structure, some of both Caucasians and African Americans consider it slang or the result of a poor command of Standard American English. Inner city African American children who are isolated by speaking only AAVE have more difficulty with standardized testing and, subsequentlyward(prenominal) school, moving to the mainstream world for work. It is common for many speakers of AAVE to code switch between AAVE and Standard American English depending on the setting. Fashion and aesthetics pic.A man weaving kente cloth in Ghana. Attire The cultural explosion of the 1960s saw the incorporation of surviving cultural answer with elements from modern fashion and West African traditional clothing to create a uniquely African American traditional style. Kente cloth is the best known African textile. These festive woven patterns, which exist in numerous varieties, were originally made by the Ashanti and Ewe peoples of Ghana and Togo. Kente fabric also ap pears in a number of Western style fashions ranging from free-and-easy t-shirts to formal bow ties and cummerbunds.Kente strips are often sewn into liturgical and academic robes or worn as stoles. Since the Black Arts Movement, traditional African clothing has been popular amongst African Americans for both formal and versed occasions. Another common aspect of fashion in African American culture involves the appropriate dress for worship in the Black church. It is expected in most churches that an individual should present their best manner for worship. African American women in particular are known for wearing vibrant dresses and suits.An interpretation of a passage from the Christian Bible, every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head , has led to the tradition of wearing elaborate Sunday hats, sometimes known as crowns. Hair Hair styling in African American culture is greatly varied. African American hair is typically composed of tightly tur n curls. The predominant styles for women involve the straightening of the hair through the application of heat or chemical processes. These treatments form the base for the most commonly socially acceptable hairstyles in the United States.Alternatively, the predominant and most socially acceptable practice for men is to leave ones hair natural. Often, as men age and begin to lose their hair, the hair is either closely cropped, or the head is shaved completely free of hair. However, since the 1960s, natural hairstyles, such as the afro, braids, and dreadlocks, have been growing in popularity. Although the association with radical political movements and their vast difference from mainstream Western hairstyles, the styles have not yet attained widespread social acceptance.Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African American men than in other male populations in the U. S. In fact, the soul patch is so named because African American men, peculiarly jazz musicians, populari zed the style. The preference for facial hair among African American men is due partly to personal taste, but because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, commonly referred to as razor bumps, many prefer not to shave. Body imageThe European aesthetic and attendant mainstream concepts of beauty are often at odds with the African body form. Because of this, African American women often find themselves under pressure to conform to European standards of beauty. Still, there are individuals and groups who are working towards raising the standing of the African aesthetic among African Americans and internationally as well. This includes efforts toward promoting as models those with clearly defined African features the mainstreaming of natural hairstyles and, in women, fuller, more voluptuous body types.Religion While African Americans practice a number of religions, Protestant Christianity is by far the most popular. Addi tionally, 14% of Muslims in the United States and Canada are African American. Christianity pic A river baptism in New Bern, North Carolina near the turn of the 20th century. The religious institutions of African American Christians commonly are referred tocollectively as the black church. During slavery, many slaves were stripped of their African belief systems and typically denied free religious practice.Slaves managed, however, to hang on to some practices by integrating them into Christian worship in secret meetings. These practices, including dance, shouts, African rhythms, and enthusiastic singing, remain a large part of worship in the African American church. African American churches taught that all people were be in Gods eyes and viewed the doctrine of obedience to ones master taught in white churches as hypocritical. Instead the African American church focused on the message of equality and hopes for a better future.Before and after emancipation, racial segregation in Ame rica prompted the development of organized African American denominations. The first of these was the AME church building founded by Richard Allen in 1787. An African American church is not necessarily a separate denomination. several(prenominal) predominantly African American churches exist as members of predominantly white denominations. African American churches have served to provide African American people with leadership positions and opportunities to organize that were denied in mainstream American society.Because of this, African American pastors became the bridge between the African American and European American communities and thus played a essential role in the American Civil Rights Movement. Like many Christians, African American Christians sometimes accede in or attend a Christmas play. Black parthenogenesis by Langston Hughes is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with gospel music. Productions can be found a African American theaters and churches all over th e country. Islam pic A member of the Nation of Islam selling merchandise on a city street corner.Despite the popular assumption that the Nation represents all or most African American Muslims, less than 2% are members. Generations before the advent of the Atlantic slave trade, Islam was a thriving religion in West Africa due to its peaceful introduction via the lucrative trans-Saharan trade between prominent tribes in the southern Sahara and the Berbers to the North. In his attesting to this fact the West African scholar Cheikh Anta Diop explainedThe primary reason for the success of Islam in Black Africaconsequently stems from the fact that it was propagated peacefully at first by solitary Arabo-Berber travelers to certain Black kings and notables, who then spread it about them to those under their jurisdiction Many first-generation slaves were often able to retain their Muslim identity, their descendants were not. Slaves were either forcibly converted to Christianity as was the ca se in the Catholic lands or were besieged with gross inconviences to their religious practice such as in the case of the Protestant American mainland.In the decades after slavery and particularly during the depression era, Islam reemerged in the form of highly visible and sometimes controversial heterodox movements in the African American community. The first of these of note was the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Noble Drew Ali. Ali had a profound influence on Wallace Fard, who later founded the Black nationalist Nation of Islam in 1930. Elijah Muhammad became head of the organization in 1934. Much like Malcolm X, who left the Nation of Islam in 1964, many African American Muslims now follow traditional Islam.A survey by the Council on American-Islamic Relations shows that 30% of Sunni Mosque attendees are African Americans. African American orthodox Muslims are often the victims of stereotypes, most notably the assumption that an African American Muslim is a member of the Nation of Islam. They are often viewed by the uneducated African-American community in general as less authentic than Muslims from the Middle East or South Asia patch credibility is less of an issue with immigrant Muslims and Muslim world in general. Other religions.Aside from Christianity and Islam, there are also African Americans who follow Judaism, Buddhism, and a number of other religions. The Black Hebrew Israelites are a collection of African American Jewish religious organizations. Among their varied teachings, they often include that African Americans are descended from the Biblical Hebrews (sometimes with the paradoxical claim that the Jewish people are not). There is a small but growing number of African Americans who participate in African traditional religions, such as Vodou and Santeria or Ifa and diasporic traditions like Rastafarianism.Many of them are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean and South America, where these are practiced. Bec ause of religious practices, such as animal sacrifice, which are no longer common among American religions and are often legally prohibited, these groups whitethorn be viewed negatively and are sometimes the victims of harassment. Life events For most African Americans, the observance of life events follows the pattern of mainstream American culture. There are some traditions which are unique to African Americans.Some African Americans have created new rites of passage that are linked to African traditions. Pre-teen and teenage boys and girls take classes to prepare them for adulthood. They are typically taught spirituality, responsibility, and leadership. Most of these programs are modeled after traditional African ceremonies, with the focus largely on comprehend African ideologies rather than specific rituals. To this day, some African American couples choose to jump the broom as a part of their wedding ceremony.Although the practice, which can be traced back to Ghana, fell out o f favor in the African American community after the end of slavery, it has experienced a slight resurgence in recent years as some couples seek to reaffirm their African heritage. Funeral traditions tend to vary based on a number of factors, including religion and location, but there are a number of commonalities. in all probability the most important part of death and dying in the African American culture is the garner of family and friends. Either in the last days before death or shortly after death, typically any friends and family members that can be reached are notified.This gathering helps to provide spiritual and emotional support, as well as assistance in making decisions and accomplishing everyday tasks. The spirituality of death is very important in African American culture. A member of the clergy or members of the religious community, or both, are typically present with the family through the entire process. Death is often viewed as transitory rather than final. Many se rvices are called homegoings, instead of funerals, based on the belief that the person is going home to the afterlife. The entire end of life process is generally treated as a celebration of life rather than a sadness of loss.This is most notably demonstrated in the New Orleans Jazz Funeral tradition where upbeat music, dancing, and food encourage those gathered to be happy and celebrate the homegoing of a beloved friend. Cuisine pic A traditional soul food dinner consisting of fried chicken, candied yams, collard greens, cornbread, and macaroni and cheese. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African influences.African American foods reflect creative responses to racial and economic oppression and poverty. Under slavery, African Americans were not allowed to eat better cuts of meat, and after emancipation many often were too poor to afford them. Soul food, a hearty cuisine commonly associated with African Americans in the South (but also common to African Americans nationwide), makes creative use of trashy products procured through farming and subsistence hunting and fishing.