Epicurean Ethics Essay Example for Free

foodie Ethics Es consecrateUpon understanding the brief and general philosophy of how to become a good heart from an Epicureans put iodin overpoint, I too horizon that his philosophy centered around the self, how to achieve fun for the self, how to avoid twinge to protect the self, alone of which did count precise egoistic. However, byout reading some of his theories and ideas, analyzing them, as well as reading other philosophers interpretations, I was subject to see how this just nowt joint be misconstrue if non addicted sellful thought. This common misc at one timeption of his philosophy was widely misunderstood beca office although his philosophy centered around takeing pleasure for the self and avoiding pain, it to a fault foc use upd on not acting upon greed when on the search of pleasure, and up to now satisfying needs that ar ingrained and absolutely undeniable for the survival of an individual, alternatively than on the kind of pleasure that is achieved by ingest luxurious foods, drinking fancy wines, having a high social status and humoring in stuff and nonsenseistic things. apart from having pleasure as the primary goal in c atomic number 18er, Epicurus focused a good deal on how to avoid pain as well.In fact, Epicurus defines and measures pleasure not by how a lot happiness it may bring to the sense and soundbox, nevertheless by the absence of pain which is the only modality to achieve pleasure. He categorizes pleasure into three different parts which will be discussed later in this paper, as well as how one tummy have a peaceful and tranquil fountainhead. To achieve the state of mind that Epicurus hopes will bring pleasure to an individuals manner, one must eliminate all cultisms and anxieties everywhere the unknown such as the power of God and how much of ones life is dependent on the higher organism.To ease these frightening thoughts and anxieties, Epicurus believed it was necessary to let off all of the unknown factors of the supernatural such as the fact that Gods have no interest in gay aff railway lines and live in their own society. He as well thought that much of the stress and anxiety came from not learned what happens to the personate and the soul after death. Being a naturalist, he thought it was best to explain his scheme in scientific terms that are to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) clear and concise rather than something that was mythical and could have been do up.Although he used the atomist theory to inspire his own, he make signifi fuelt changes to it explaining exactly what does happen to the soul and the body and how there should be nothing to hero-worship and be anxious over. Epicurus was a naturalist and adapted the concept of the atomist theory to his own thoughts. As briefly stated onward, he believed that fear and anxiety comes from not knowing the unknown, such as supernatural occurrences, the concept of God, and life after death.T herefore, by explaining how the divine and all powerful works and advising one not to fear the Gods, as well as using the atomist theory to come up with his own theory so that one knows exactly what will happen to the body and soul after death, he believes that there would be much less anxiety and fear in the mind of an Epicurean. According to the atomist theory, the universe is composed of only two things which are infinite shapes and sizes of atoms, and an infinite void. The atoms of which our universe is composed of are infinite in number, unchangeable, and are unable to be cut or divided.It also states that our smacks originate from atoms being cut off by objects Epicurus however, believed that our grits originate from our judgments and perceptions of these atoms rather than atoms being cut off by objects. Although Epicurus adapted this theory, he also made signifi kindlet changes to it in support of his teachings on living a life of a tranquil mind. He forceful its importanc e to prove that pot shouldnt have fear of life after death because if death means the loss of all consciousness in the mind and the dissolution of the body into atoms, hence we have nothing to fear.Our perceptions, judgments and experiences of the world are no longer in our consciousness, because death is the lack of all these things, therefore once death comes there would be nothing to fear or feel such as pain because our consciousness which gives life to all these things would be totally gone. Epicurus encourages his students to live a life unaffixed from the stress and anxiety of the unknown life after death, giving them a tranquil and peaceful state of mind.This in numeral contri entirelyes to his theory that to live a complete and happy life of pleasures, one must be fire of all worries and anxieties, as well as avoiding bodily pain. Epicurus also believed that the source of retire in our consciousness and what causes stress and anxiety in the mind is the fear of the di vine and all powerful God. Although Epicurus is not an Atheist and was want most others during his time a polytheistic believing in m both Gods, his views on religion and the all powerful God alter greatly from the rest.Epicurus neer denied the existence of Gods but held a belief that Gods and servicemans beings had no relation to one another. He believed that Gods were not concerned with human affairs and rejected the widely held belief that Gods gave us reason to live in peace and harmony so that we goat be happy and live a good life. He also rejected the idea that Gods held complete control of the path of our lives and worried over us and our conflicts greatly and instead, believed that Gods had their own separate lives and affairs and were always in the highest state of happiness.According to Panichas essay in Epicurus on Theology, it is believed that Epicurus never fully justified why he believes that Gods are always happy but says that his belief in Gods came from the i dea that we are all born with an immanent knowledge of Gods existence. This means that newborn children dont need to be given the knowledge of the existence of divine power, but are already born with that idea implanted in them.His supporting argument for the existence of Gods is that since everyone is born with the innate idea of their existence, and everyone already has an established opinion of the Gods, then they must exist. Epicurus argument against the popular belief of Gods having extreme concern of human affairs and conflicts was that Gods didnt care for human affairs because they were extremely happy living their own separate lives. Therefore, if Gods were concerned with human conflicts and troubles then they wouldnt be happy but rather stressed, worried and anxious, which would then make them unhappy.Epicurus goal in presenting his arguments using physics and atomism, against religion and its superstitious beliefs, was a way of assuring his students that they shouldnt dis turb the mind because of worries and anxieties over the belief that happiness, misery, and life after death are altogether dependent upon the Gods because this in turn comes in conflict with the primary goal of life on earth which is happiness. Instead, he emphasized the importance of attaining courage through meditation on the purpose of life so that human beings can maitre d the fear of death and the gods.A life of happiness and pleasure in Epicurean terms is defined as having a calm and peaceful mind, free of anxieties and worries, as well as a body free of pain. By teaching his students the idea of atomism which frees people from the stress and anxieties of life after death, and the belief that the Gods are not in complete control of our lives and are notwithstanding part of their own separate society, Epicurus is able to liberate their anxious and unhappy minds and allows them to live a conscious free life from disturbances and stresses of the unknown world.Epicurus most lik ely felt the need to fully explain the aspects of supernatural causes which society at the time thought to be controlled by God, as well as other natural phenomena such as how things came about on earth, so that people had a clear understanding of things they had not known before, and in turn no longer fearing them.Popular belief of mass society during the Hellenistic period was that any supernatural occurrences of the world such as the creation of the universe, the existence of human beings, or the world having just enough resources for human beings to be able to operate were all of Gods creations. However, Lucretius who was an Epicurean student stated that the world could not have been cleard by the Gods because it is liberal and such perfect beings could not have created something so imperfect as the universe.He proves this idea in support of his argument, by stating that the world in itself which is full of imperfections, giving an example of the large amount of land that is c ompletely useless to mankind but is inhabited by wild animals, or death that stalks every minute of our lives, could have been the creations of the divine and all powerful because if they were, then that would mean that Gods themselves are the sources of all pain and evil.Lucretius also states that an Epicurean must accept the fact that the natural world is mortal, which means it can that it can be diseased with corruption, war, and greed and follows a cycle of creation and destruction within itself. He elaborates on this statement saying the world must be thought of as a mortal body with a beginning, and an end.As stated before, Epicureanism holds the belief that like everything else, Gods are composed of atoms, but atoms that are different than those of human beings. These atoms in On the Nature of the Universe are described as very flimsy atoms that are ethereal, and can be barely perceived by the mind, therefore they cannot be touched. It also says that they exist somewhere amon g their own nature, which means that they do not exist anywhere near the society of human beings.In explaining this theory to his followers, he did so to prove that there is no reason to live in fear of Gods because they live in a society that is completely separate and different from ours, and as stated before, they are set-aside(p) in their own affairs and have no concern for the welfare of human beings. He stressed the importance of this because Epicurus believed that all fear arises from the unknown. The unknown as being what happens to the soul, body, and life after death, and the fear and anxiety over Gods declaration punishments or rewards towards human beings.By explaining all the unanswered questions of life, rejecting the idea of Gods being in complete control in the affair of our lives, in simple and naturalistic terms that can be proven through metaphysics, rather than relying on retold myths that cannot be proven, seen, or sensed, he is able to direct their minds towar ds a positive light in which they can achieve a state of mind that is at peace, allowing them to live their lives in pleasure and happiness.Epicurus view on the soul and what happens to it after death greatly varied from the Platonic and Homeric view of the soul. Unlike Plato who believed that the soul became part of a heavenly pilgrimage, and the Homeric view that the soul descends into the darkness of the kingdom of the dead, Epicurus believed that the Soul merely dissolves upon death, which is without sensation. This means that since something that dissolves upon death is free of sensing and feeling, then there is no pain, and therefore there is nothing to fear.Although Epicurus agreed with both the Platonic and Homeric view that an individual is composed of the body and the soul, and that upon death, the soul leaves the body, he disagreed on their views of what happens to the soul after death. Epicurus believes that the soul is corporeal, which means that what happens to the bod y and the soul is a sensual occurrence, and once the body starts dissolving, the soul along with the body begins undergoing a physical transformation in which it also dissolves, the process therefore being void of the sensation or perception of what is happening.The soul according to Epicurus was mainly made of breath, heat, and air which he considered to be made of a material substance. These three elements were used by Epicureans to explain the differences in characters and moods of feeling in both humans as well as animals. Aetios sums up the functions of these elements saying that the element of breath gives the soul the power to move, the air gives it tranquility and calmness, and the heat produces the perception of warmth from the body.Epicurus also believed that the soul was made of an unknown element as well, that is much more advanced in twist and its function in the soul which allows it to feel in harmony with the rest of the elements as well as the body. Lucretius furth er elaborated on this hidden tail element by stating that it is a crucial part of the soul because it provides the soul with sensation. Although the soul is the major cause of sensation, it cannot sense without the body. This then means that the soul cannot sense without the body, and the body cannot sense without the soul.Lucretius states that the soul and the body must be united for a human being to have full access to sensation, therefore one cannot survive without the other . This theory is used in support of their argument of what happens to the soul after it is released from the body, which is that since the soul which brings sensation, reason, and perception of the outside world to the body, is released from the body, the body can no longer feel or come up with reason or judgment of what is occurring.The soul however, has a more significant role in the making of an individual than the body does because if a part of the body is lost, such as a leg or an arm, the soul is able to remain in the body and still give an individual sensation, whereas the part that was lost such as a leg or an arm although still exists, it can no longer have the soul be a part of it or retain any sensation.In general, the body can be viewed as the folk and protection of the soul, and if the body is destroyed, then it can no longer protect nor shelter the soul, and as a result, the soul scatters into tiny separate creative energies. only of Epicurus teachings and doctrines can be traced back to, and are in relation to attaining pleasure which is the main goal in life. Epicurus defines pleasure as not having certain sensations of happiness, but rather as the absence of bodily pain and mental disturbance.He also believed that pleasure and pain are the main driving forces of a human being, saying that desire is compulsive by pleasure, and avoidance is driven by pain. Although many view Epicureanism as a form of egoism in which all actions are taken for the benefit of the self, a nd although this is true, Epicurus theory on attaining pleasure and happiness can be seen as something that is able to balance out, and in turn, become a life of virtue. A balanced life of happiness and virtue according toEpicurus can be attained by being prudent and having a sense of discernment when it comes to pleasure. Therefore, someone who is able to do this by acting carefully when it came to the desires and the indulgences in life, and being virtuous to this belief isnt necessarily set and through with(p) on his/her quest for pleasure, but on the right path to attain it. Epicurus believes that without the ability to sense things such as the sight of beauty, the taste of food, the sound of music, or the feel of an object, true pleasures and happiness cannot be achieved.Therefore, the act of sensation is of extreme importance to an Epicurean because without sensation, the good life is unattainable. Epicurus also states that there is nothing more truthful than sensation. This means that the act of sensing doesnt need to be proven because we sense things exactly for what they are. Sensations are also not voluntary and are received through direct contact with an object or thing through the five sense organs which are sight, touch, taste, sound, and smell.These five senses, in turn are then perceived in the mind and can be enlarged or diminished in the mind. He then considers arguments against his theory that say that just because we sense things and then perceive them in the mind that does not always make them true. A classic example he gives is an octagonal hover seen from a far distance is in actuality cylindrical, or a tall building from a far distance may look small through the sense of sight, but in reality the building only appears to be small because it is seen from a far distance.To support his argument, Epicurus states that it is then up to the individual to use reason, logic, and our past experiences to determine whether this observation is true or not. Sensation therefore, is the basic foundation of knowledge according to Epicurus. Although sensation is of extreme importance in Epicurean philosophy, the concept of sensation still goes back to the main idea of Epicurus teachings which is pleasure and happiness. According to Epicurus, pleasure is the goal of all things. However, to argue against those who say his teachings are egoistic, Epicurus emphasized on the right kind of pleasure.For example, in Epicurus Letter to Menoceus he explains that indulging in the pleasures and luxuries of life is not what makes a good life, but the choices we make when in search of pleasure and avoidance of physical or mental pain For it is not continuous drinkings and revellings, nor the satisfaction of lusts, nor the enjoyment of fish, and other luxuries of the wealthy table, which produce a pleasant life, but sober reason, searching, out the motives for all choice and avoidance, and banishing mere opinions, to which are due the greatest d isturbances of the spirit. This quote explains that Epicurus is not concerned with the quality of material things such as fine foods and other luxuries, but rather whether these things are enough to eliminate pain so that we can have pleasure. Epicurus believes that the more we can limit our pleasures and desires, especially the ones that are most necessary and natural such as food and water to survive and avoid bodily pain, the more we are likely to attain a happy and pleasurable life.To further understand the concept of limiting pleasures and desires, Epicurus states that when one removes all physical and mental pain, for example eating to avoid hunger, or overcoming fear and anxiety to be free of mental pain, is when pleasure can be achieved. However, it is up to the individual to not become engaged in fulfilling natural but unnecessary pleasures, such as eating more than needed, or having luxurious food instead of normal food. Epicurus believes that this is where we must use our judgment and good reason to pick and choose what will best fulfill our needs without being overly self-indulgent.He divides pleasures and desires into three separate categories. The primary one is natural and necessary which as stated before, are daily survival necessities like food and water. The second form of pleasure is natural but unnecessary which is a pleasure that is natural such as food, but not necessary such as having extravagant food rather than timed food that would eliminate hunger. Lastly, the third type of pleasure is neither natural nor necessary which refers to fame, having a high status among peers in society, or the desire to be accepted by others.The ability of fully understanding these categories and practicing them religiously on a daily basis will direct one to a life that is free of bodily pain and mental disturbance. Epicurus defines the good life not by the presence of pleasure but by the absence of mental and physical pain. Once the main goal of avoidi ng pain and fear are achieved, the individual wont be on the search for something that is missing because all pain is gone, gum olibanum, the desire to eliminate it is gone as well leaving the mind and body free of pain and anxiety.Epicurus definition of the wise man is one who is free from most troubles. Although peace of the mind is of extreme importance in Epicureanism, one cannot achieve it without being self-sufficient. A wise man, in Epicurean standards is one who does not depend on others. Therefore high held positions such as having political power, or up to now something as common as marrying and having a family creates too much stress because your life becomes strained with anxiety over the actions of others which are completely out of your control.Epicurus believes that the outside world creates too much pressure that can make it to anxiety because most of the things dealing with the outside world are outside of your control. A life of simplicity and freedom from anxie ty and pain are a way of life for a wise man. When one gains complete control over these things, as well as overcoming the fears of the outside world, then one can live a happy and pleasurable life because there is no desire for things which one cannot find him/herself.A free life according to Epicurus also means not having too many possessions because owning too many materialistic things results in robberies which only lead to more consequences and trouble all of which can be avoided. However, what a wise man should do when he is in the possession of many things is donating it and distributing them to those that are less fortunate and those in need. Epicurus says that gaining gratitude from your neighbors is more important than indulging in unnecessary things.This thus proves that an Epicurean life isnt egoistic as most critics seem to think but rather a way of life in which an individual can live freely without worry. Although the main idea of Epicurus philosophy is pleasure as th e main goal, the word pleasure has a different meaning than the one we are used to. The word pleasure in epicurean terms means the absence of pain which is why a good amount of Epicurean philosophy discusses ways in which one can avoid pain and eliminate worries, anxieties and fears.Pleasure according to Epicurus has nothing to do with being in the possession of luxurious items because that is not what brings pleasure to the individual but rather a peaceful mental state or being It is better for you to be free of fear lying upon a pallet, than to have a golden couch and rich table and be full of trouble . Although Epicurus does not believe in a wise man having a family and advises that one should avoid conforming to society and the pressures of the outside world, he emphasizes the value of a strong friendship and believes it to be the second most important thing in a noble man after wisdom .Even more surprising than this is the fact that Epicurus welcomed women into his school and considered them as potential friends despite the time period and social standards of Ancient Greece at the time. Epicurus welcomed all kinds of people into his school and didnt look at gender, wealth, age, or social class to determine a persons worth of attending. Aside from not picking student and friends ground on external factors, Epicurus believed that all friendships arise from self-interest Every friendship in itself is to be desired but the first cause of friendship was a mans needs . However, friendships cant always be seen as a family between two people thats driven solely on ones own self-interests and benefits, they should be much more and beyond that. Throughout time, Epicurus believes that a friendship that once started only as an act of self-satisfaction to benefit the self can become much more intimate and grow beyond the desire to be friends just to gain needs driven by sole self-interest.He also advised that friendships shouldnt be pushed to their extremes when on the pursuit of benefits and should not be pushed to the extreme if its completely void of all benefits because then, the individual would have no desire to keep the friendship alive at all. Once two friends can catch up with that stage of self-interest and gain intimacy then all expectations of each other and what is needed for the benefit of the self is gone.The mere fact of just knowing and having a friend and his/her company should bring enough pleasure to the individual to not care about other things that would only benefit the self. Epicurus did not believe that sexual love was of any benefit to an individual and although it can be associated with bringing pleasure, it causes much more disturbances in the mind that far outweigh the pleasures it may bring No pleasure is a bad thing in itself, but the means which produce some pleasures bring with them disturbances many times great than the pleasures. Epicurus believes that fulfilling sexual desires are unnecessary for the surv ival of an individual and can be dealt without, considering how much mental disturbance it may bring afterwards. Epicurus categorizes this pleasure as the natural and unnecessary which means that although the desire for attaining sexual pleasure may be completely natural for the individual, it isnt necessary for survival, therefore it is not an absolute necessity. This thus makes the act of fulfilling sexual pleasure to be vain and selfish, as well as bringing disturbance to the mind.The reason Epicurus advises the wise man not to engage in sexual encounters is because the pleasure that comes from sex can be too intense for the individual to handle. When something so intense yet so pleasurable becomes a much needed desire, it is sure to bring disturbance to the mind. Another way sexual desire can be seen as creating disturbances in the mind is considering how before sexual pleasures can be fulfilled, one must pursue the person of the opposite sex and develop an intimate level of fri endship or relationship.With that relationship comes fear and anxiety over losing your partner and concerns of what the future might bring. After a relationship has been developed, child bearing is the next step which creates even more disturbances to the mind, because with children come more external and outside powers that are out of your control which result in fears, frustrations, hopes anxieties and pain all of which can be avoided if one does not become involved in an intimate sexual relationship. How does one avoid mental disturbances to achieve peace in the mind?Epicurus believes that pleasure can still be attained without fulfilling sexual desires by simply forming strong friendships and developing a level of intimacy that would allow the friendship to survive solely on that level of intimacy and not self-interested benefits and needs. Once a deep enough level of intimacy has been developed, things such as trust, loyalty, and pleasure will surely practise afterwards. Where as a relationship driven by sexual pleasures will result in jealousy, hate, possessiveness, anger, and bittersweet memories that could last a lifetime.Therefore, to avoid having to go through these struggles in life and living a life of simplicity and freedom, Epicurus advises one to seek friendships that doesnt require too much of ones time, energy, and physical or mental strength. Living the life of an Epicurean means living a life of simplicity, avoiding anything that is too dangerous for ones well being even if it is the norm in society such as getting married, and being on a life long pursuit for pleasure.As stated before, from a quick glance at Epicurus philosophy, one can conclude that his teachings were all self centered, however, upon further reading into his doctrines, as well as how other philosophers were able to interpret and justify some of his teachings, his true meaning of a virtuous and good life can be more clearly understood. His philosophies on how to be a wise m an and achieve the good life prove how non egoistic Epicureanism is. Although it does always focus on gaining pleasure for the self, it does so only to a certain extent in which one attains enough pleasure to eliminate the pain.Once that has been achieved, going on a pursuit for more pleasure is considered vain, and as I have discussed before, Epicurus categorizes this pleasure as the natural and unnecessary or unnatural and unnecessary. Therefore he advises one not to seek these kinds of pleasures because that can create more disturbances in the mind. His thorough explanation and solution on how to achieve a tranquil mind by giving insight on the Gods and what happens to the soul and body after death are also a huge part of his philosophy.Overall, Epicureanism was a very modern school of philosophy compared to the time period, and the place of where it had been originated. Epicurus way of not discriminating against minorities such as women or the lower class, and not religiously worshiping supernatural beings even though that had been the norm in society, is very much like the life he preaches one should live in which one doesnt conform to the standards of the masses but pursues a path of his own, where a peaceful mind and a body free of pain can be found.

Gender Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities Essay Example for Free

Gender Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities EssayGender inequalitys atomic number 18 not only pronounced in physical and reproductive areas as far as great deals and wo hands are concerned. These physical and reproductive differences are minimal in terms of the determinants of how work force and wo manpower operate as far as other(a) issues relating to their cognition are concerned (Gur et al. 1999). Sex ductless glands that are secreted during their develop workforcet are responsible for the difference in wizardry validations of men and women.work force and women imbibe been deputen by several studies to learn differently due to the difference in their cognition. Kimura (2000) postulated that even at infancy, girls gaze at objects longer than boys an argument that gives premise to the fact that boys deal attention puzzles. Their sensory systems show a discrepancy even at such a materialization age, something that persists into old age. In addition to the above, wo men tend to mobilize some things like land marks part than the men who remember directions and distance.These are the spatial cues that the men are better off in as opposed to women (Kimura 2000). A myriad of other differences substantiate been suggested especially in linguistic, interpersonal, logical and mathematical, musical, intrapersonal and linguistic among other areas. As the environment starts acting on the individual boys and girls after birth, they already have wired brains that show differences in how they respond to the above areas that lead to the differences.The females and males differences in their intellectual faculties lie in their abilities rather than their Intelligence Quotient, which may be the same in girls and boys, all other factors held constant but the sampled girls and boys will have differences in their linguistic and most probably their spatial abilities. Different areas of the brain are suited for various tasks and which the males and females have d iffering usage abilities in. Spatial differencesOn average, studies have effectuate that male outperform female in spatial activities/ spatial visualizations like in situations that require the rotation of objects in a disposed dummy or in manipulation of objects in one way or another or just mental rotation. They are overly able to outmatch women in tasks which deal with maneuvering of their way through a maze of routes but this does not include grasping of landmarks for use as a means to remember their routes bandage women are able to recall landmarks more than men sess.In addition to this, men are better off than women in the the true with which they nates objects either in movement or in their static positions. They also do well in disembedding hidden objects. This extends to interception or guiding of projectiles and ability to put one over any movements in the field of vision. This performance cuts across all ages as shown by Kaufman et. al (1999) that use the Weisch eler Adult Intelligence Scales-Revised (WAIS-R) in determining fluids and shape differences in men and women.The study states that the ability to target an object develops well before puberty. The performance of men and women on Block Design, Digital Symbol and tuition showed that men outperformed women in Block Design and Information while women did better than men in Digital Symbol. Verbal fluency In 2003, Shaywitz et al. were able to bang differences in gender as far as the brains language functional organization is concerned. They used a study called the functional reverberance imaging and through this, females showed more abilities in verbal fluency than men.This included their manner of acquisition and longer spans of attention in conversation unlike men who lagged behind. They also tended to excel in memory tasks like fluency in generation of synonyms and better rapidity of identification of matching objects or items be character their perception skills are better than t hose of their male counterparts (Shaywitz, B et al. (1995,). Kimura, 1996). They demonstrate better recall ability linked to verbal fluency than men in addition to having a high episodic memory.They also show a greater ability to reckon words that begin with a certain letter more than the men can do. The fields of priming, semantic and primary memories do not however show any difference in men and women. Men on the other hand showed better performance in semantic measures and a higher(prenominal) order in the crystallized factor of intelligence. Due to the bigger cortical space in females assigned for language and its functions, there is little space left for the working of the spatial space which implies that females cannot be better than men in both language and spatial abilities. Problem-Solving TasksThere are differences in gender as far as the brains problem-solving tasks are concerned as reported by Gur et al. (1999) that conducted various studies and presented canvas to a sample of men and women under same condition. The results were basis for the conclusion drawn. First, arithmetic differences tests showed that men are higher cognitive abilities in terms of mathematics calculations and reasoning than women. In this test, set of mathematical based questions were asked to the selected sample men responded more accurate and quick than women who displayed slowness and inaccuracy in reckon responses.In another experiment, a piece of paper was folded with a punched hole, and then the participants were asked to determine where punched hole shall fall if the paper shall be unfolded. Most men responded powerful and quickly in determining where the hole shall fall should the paper be opened than their female counterparts. Moreover, objects and images were placed before the participant and asked to rotate objects and manipulate the images. Men excelled better than women on this problem-solving task.Lastly, studies show that when men and women are targeting or aiming at an object, men are more likely to get their target than women can. This implies that women are less accurate in target-directed motor skills for example intercepting projectiles. To assert this finding, the practical example that can be used to explain this target-direct motor skill is by consequence that men are good at target involving games like dart playing than women. Therefore, problem-solving task favors men than women in the sense that men perform better than women in spatial undertakings like tasks that involve mental rotating objects.Emotional contend Cognitive abilities of an individual to great extend help in branch of coping with stress or depression. The essence that facilitates connection between coping with emotions and cognitive abilities is because through use of intelligence that a person can think, perceive and fight down to the surrounding. In this regard, intelligence needed to cope with emotions is defined as cognitive ability and content of t he thought which differ greatly in men than women (Shaywitz et al. 1999 Gur et al. 1999). The meta-analyses studies conducted found that men are less affected with emotions than women.For instance, women were found to be affected by maladaptive or negative thinking about an emotional problem than male. Men usually indulge in alcoholism, aggressive behaviors and violent behaviors. While women are worse affected by the emotional since are usually down(p) and can develop various eating and psychological disorders like bulimic or anxiety. Differences in precision in manual tasks Women are a import faster than men in precision as far as some manual tasks like placing pegs in the holes on a given board. match with their ability to recall the positions of objects more precisely than men, women show a greater likelihood of replacing an object to its initial position with a greater accuracy than men or state whether a given object had been displaced or not. Women therefore show a better fi ne motor coordination as compared to men The neuroanatomic difference in males and females has been found to contribute to cognitive abilities especially those that are sexual in nature. Females have XX genetic make-up while males have XY.These genes play a great role in differentiation and it is due to the absence of the Y chromosome in females that leads to the release of androgens which are the male hormones. These hormones cause the female to develop. Some periods when there is the release of sex hormones, there is an impact in the brain which leads to differences in cognition from the periods when there is no hormonal release. antenatal development period has shown the greatest levels of hormone release according to several researches done (Shaywitz et. al 2003).During puberty the levels of the hormones do rise again and these fluctuations continue end-to-end ones life span. Research has established that girls who were exposed to high testosterone levels were shown to display greater spatial skills when compared with other girls who had not been exposed to the hormone. This shows that the male hormone testosterone is responsible for the spatial abilities that males have. Males show some excellence at problem-solving in school more than females in addition to working out multiple resource tests better than females.Such examinations like SATs are performed in better by males than females who, apparently do well in written and untimed tests while getting higher overall grades in their schooling years. Girls have also proved to be better performers in math than males up to high school level where they drop, an verbal expression that has been attributed to the inclusion of m ore spatially oriented math in which the girls appear to be lower in performance than males (Shaywitz, B et al. 1995). Males are known to have a larger brain than females with a size which is 10% larger than that of females.Some researches have indicated that there is a correlation bet ween the size of the brain and intellectual abilities. The males brains have more cerebrospinal and white matter than the brains of females. More white matter according to Gur et. al 2000 (cited in Shaywitz et. al 2003) is responsible for the cultivation transfer to other regions of the brain thus contributing to their superb spatial abilities while the women who have more of the grey matter enhance greater treat capacity and efficiency.As has been stated earlier on, the brain is laterized such that one hemisphere dominate t6he other in a given or given fuction(s). The brains two halves are more laterized in the performance of some cognitive functions. In males, the laterization is more pronounced than in the females due to the neurohumoral interactions talk terms by the testosterone hormone. Fourie and Stuart (2006) carried out an investigation on the role of gender and temperament in Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry and perception of emotional stimuli. In this investigation, th ey used a total population sample of 112 with females being 58 and men 54.The sample had four groups of students who were right-handed and chosen in terms of their gender, and temperament. Their levels of neuroticism, introversion and extroversion were measured using a personality questionnaire. The Divided Visual Field Technique, their differential hemisphere performance regarding latency and accuracy were determined. After the use of T-square test (Hotellings), the results showed that the accuracy in terms of the response time scores in men and women had a great difference in the way the two genders process their emotional stimuli.Women were found to do so faster and more accurately than their male counterparts in the processing and response to emotional stimuli. There are also some gender differences in maladaptive thinking and coping with stressful situations. The risk of depression in men is 8-12% while in women it has been found to be between 20-26%. Disorders related to depr ession affect about 70% of women and 30% of men due to the fact that women show uncontrollability in perception more than men (Kaufman, 1999 Voyer, 2005).Individuals with unilateral brain lesions or damages were studied (Inglis Lawson 2001) and it was found that males lost their verbal ability more than the females after both genders suffered damages in the left hemispheres. Men also lost their spatial abilities after a brain damage on their right hemispheres. Women were found to be better off than men in verbal ability even after suffering the same damage on either lobe. This justifies the fact that language and spatial abilities are bilaterally represented less in men than in women. Brain organizationThe human brain organization is an important part aligning for performing the cognitive tasks. The human brain has two hemispheres which are specialized in carry a specific kind of activity better that the other hemisphere. Brain organization for male is more lateralized to its cogni tive functions than women brain. The major difference in lateralization of the brain is the hormonal roles (Shaywitz, et al. 1999). For instance, the testerone hormone facilitates neurohormonal linkage during early stages of cognitive development creating dimorphism in cerebral (Kimura, 1992).On the other hand, women brain is less lateralized with more of its portion assigned to verbal or language tasks. In electrical activities, men show they use their right hemisphere for spatial activities as opposed to women who use their left hemisphere. Conclusion In conclusion, the paper has discussed with illustrations the major gender cognitive difference between men and women. In the discussion, the paper has Spatial differences, Verbal fluency, Problem-Solving Tasks, Emotional coping, Differences in precision in manual tasks, and Brain organization.However, a point of cost to note is that there is distinct difference between the female and male cognitive abilities which is influenced by brain structures such as hypothalamus region. Moreover, SDN (sexually dimorphic nucleus) is smaller in women while larger for males. References Gur, RC et al. (1999) Sex differences in brain correlations with cognitive performance daybook of Neuroscience, 29, p. 4042-4059 Kimura, D. (2002). Sex, sex hormones and sexual orientation influence on human cognitive function Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 16, p. 261-268 Kimura, D. (1998).Sex differences in the brain, Scientific American, 10, p. 26-31 Kaufman, A et al. (1999), Intellectual growth pattern and decline across the adult life-span for women and men Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, p. 759-802 Shaywitz, B et al. (1995), Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language Nature, 363, p. 595-610. Shaywitz, S et al. (1999). Estrogen changes functional organization of brain Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, p. 1103-11513. Voyer, D. (2005) A meta- analysis of Magnitude of sex differences in s patial abilities Psychological Bulletin, 107, p. 252-273

Analysis of Hospital Quality Management Team

Analysis of Hospital Quality Management TeamContents launchBACKGROUNDHistory raftMissionCore determineMAIN SERVICES AVAILABLE, HOW SERVICES ARE DELIVERED AND TARGET POPULATIONISSUES IDENTIFIED abridgment OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMREFERENCESINTRODUCTIONThis is an in-depth analysis of prize management program conducted in Villingili infirmary. Improving the quality of c atomic number 18 management practice is a concern in many countries regard little of differences in definition, organization, and funding of aids. Quality assurance involves a commitment to guaranteeing the quality of services, not as an additional element attached to the service, but as routine of an ongoing system in which performance is monitored and achievement measured against focalise standards or benchmarks (Camp, 1989 Crosby, 1979 Oakland, 1993 cited in Clarkson Challis, 2003).First a brief introduction of the hospital leave alone be presented followed by the discussion of various quality related iss ues that can be identified within the hospital. Followed by this, one quality management effort, which is the indoor(a) surround of the hospital, will be analyzed. Subsequently, recommendations for any other strategies that could be implemented to improve the present speckle and to overcome quality issues that are not go bad of any quality program at present will be elaborated.BACKGROUNDHistoryVillingili hospital was first opened as a wellness center in 21st April 1994. The wellness center was initially opened as a branch of Male Health center. The health center was set up in a four agency build provided by Male municipality. On 15th April 2002, the government changed the health center to a one-third story building. On 14th August 2014, the health center was changed to a third grade hospital same level as an atoll hospital.Vision get to to provide healthcare services to people of Villingili and to make the community aware regarding health life styles and to provide ideal, qual ity and acceptable health care service to residents of Villingili.MissionTo provide an uninterrupted health care to residents of Villingili.To diagnose and treat diametric types of diseases and work towards the prevention of these diseases.To further develop the laboratory services.Core values no core values are identified by the organization.Even though the Villingili Hospital make believe a rich history, it was depressing to find that the cater of the hospital was unaware of the vision, mission and core values of the organization.MAIN SERVICES AVAILABLE, HOW SERVICES ARE DELIVERED AND TARGET POPULATIONThe main services available in this hospital are, enquireation services from general practitioners, reference from specialized practitioners, laboratory services, community health care, vaccination and nursing care services. The target commonwealth is the residents of Villingili, whose population is around 17,000 people according to Villingili hospital.Specialized doctors cons ultations are on specific days. Gynecological consultations are done on Sundays and Wednesdays from 0800am to 0400pm. Orthopedics consultations are done on Sundays and Mondays at 0800am to 0400pm by Orthopeadician Dr. Hussain Faisal. Pediatrician consultations are done on Mondays and Tuesdays at 0800am to 0400 pm. All consultants are arranged sent from IGMH. Vaccination and child growth monitor is done on all working days from 0900 am to 0100 pm.All available services are provided within the hospital. Even though they have a community health service unit, home visiting are not done. Services are provided 24 hours throughout the day, and shift duties are done by all consultants, nurses, receptionists, interpreters, ambulance drivers and attendants.Even though specialized consultations are done, it is evident that both the consultants and clients face enormous difficulty to diagnose and treat diseases and conditions as essential and autocratic diagnostic services much(prenominal) as ultra sound scanning and x-ray services are not available in the hospital.ISSUES IDENTIFIED aft(prenominal) conducting surveys in the Villingili hospital and interpreting the results, I have identified some issues related to quality of service provided by the facility. Here are the results of the survey conducted in the facility. In the survey questionnaire, a question was used targeting to identify the faculty response to patients need and their courteousness.The evaluation will be accurate if we analyze the situation in both directions. According to the hospital officials, clients can consult general practitioners through a walk in OPD. But the consultation for specialized practitioners such as the orthopeadician and gyneacologist, clients have to make appointment prior to consultation. Appointments are issued until the planned slots are filled.From the interviews conducted, we understood that the time delay dissatisfaction usually arose during busy situations where the doctor w ho is consulting in the OPD have to attend in patients or emergency cases. Some clients also noted that the doctors sometimes goes for break while more than 10 clients are delay outside.A service supplier have to consider suitable timings in order to provide a quality service to the clients. In order to measure this, we questioned whether they are satisfied with service timing of the facility, both general and specialized consultations. Among 10 clients, 2 clients (20%) apprised that they are not satisfied with the time for specialized consultation while 3 clients (30%) told that they are moderately satisfied and 5 patients (50%) are fully satisfied with the service timing.Figure 1Even though they get the appointment for specialized consultation and can consult the general practitioner through a walk in OPD, the time taken to consult the doctors vary. To verify the time taken to consult the doctor, we gave time ranges from 0-10 minutes, 20-30 minutes and more than 30 minutes. Ac cording to the clients who gave the interviews 5 clients (50%) inform that they had to wait amid 0-10 minutes, 3 clients (30%) told that they waited between 20-30 minutes for the consultation and 2 clients (20%) stated that they waited for more than 30 minutes to consult the doctor. These findings are presented below in figure 2.Figure 2 denomination of the client satisfaction and dissatisfaction is crucial in order to upgrade and provide an ideal and acceptable quality service to the clients. In order to identify the overall satisfaction of the clients regarding the time they spent during consultation, we included questions targeting this issue. According to 7 clients, (70%) they are fully satisfied with the time they spent and 3 clients (30%) are not satisfied. These results are shown below in figure 3.According to the info we collected, we found that around clients highlighted that the biggest issue they face is the way the lag communicate with them. Some clients have infor med that they were left feeling like a fool during consultations and some staff spoke rudely to them. Few noted they feel that the staff are charge with responsibilities and they seem very unenthusiastic. In addition to this, some clients informed that the staff seems to be involved in their psycheal things while attending the clients who goes to the counter for different things.Communication effectively with patient and family is a cornerstone of providing quality health care (Patient care procession guide, 2008). The manner in which health care provider communicate information to a patient can be equally important as information being conveyed (Patient care improvement guide, 2008). Patient surveys have demonstrated when communication is lacking, it is palpably felt and can lead to patients feeling increased anxiety, vulnerability and powerlessness (Patient care improvement guide, 2008).Among 10 clients, 5 clients (50%) informed that the staff was poor in areas being respectful , friendly helpful and courteous. Another 3 clients (30%) noted that the staff was fair in this area while the remain 2 clients (20%) informed that the staff was good in this area. It is depressing to note that not even one client told that the staff was great in this area. The information is shown in a pie chart below in figure 1.Figure 1The next question was whether the staff explained the procedure and how they answer questions asked by clients. Among 10 clients, 6 clients (60%) informed that the staff was poor in explaining the procedure and answer questions asked by them. Another 3 clients (30%) noted that the staff was fair in this area. The be 1 clients (10%) informed that the staff was good in this area. The information is illustrated in figure 2.Figure 2.According to the information collected through survey, it is clear that most clients highlighted that the biggest issue they face is the way the staff communicate with them. Some clients have informed that they were left feeling like a fool during consultations and some staff spoke rudely to them. Few noted they feel that the staff are overburdened with responsibilities and they seem very unenthusiastic. In addition to this, some clients informed that the staff seems to be involved in their person-to-person things while attending the clients who goes to the counter for different things. The issues identified through survey with clients of this facility that, may hinder the quality of service provided are, ineffective communication and unenthusiastic staff. Additionally, by conducting interview with the senior administrative officer of Villingili health center, it is evident that some staff lack fellowship in some areas such as care during emergency situations. Lack of knowledge is due to lack of practice as the institute have less inpatients who needs constant care.Communication effectively with patient and family is a cornerstone of providing quality health care (Patient care improvement guide, 2 008). The manner in which health care provider communicate information to a patient can be equally important as information being conveyed (Patient care improvement guide, 2008). Patient surveys have demonstrated when communication is lacking, it is palpably felt and can lead to patients feeling increased anxiety, vulnerability and powerlessness (Patient care improvement guide, 2008).ANALYSIS OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT EFFORTAs the Villingili Hospital is being rebuild to accommodate required facilities to function as a hospital, patients and staff are liner various difficulties. The major difficulty that most people face is that consultant styles are situated in the first floor of the building. A person does not have to be elderly to have a difficulty to climb stairs, and because of this position some patients have faced difficulty. It is evident that the changes to the present building is being brought on to provide a quality service to the customers. However, the effect of physical environment on healing process is evident through research. The arrangement of wards, labor rooms, consultant rooms and waiting areas and its physical environment such as ventilation, lighting, and temperature is important aspects to consider to provide a quality hospital environment. From my personal experience, it is clear that the physical environment of hospital is set to ease the staff only and patient preference or perspective is rarely considered. As I have experienced, I have faced immense difficulty when I went for a consultation with high grade fever and wheezing. The consultants room air conditioner was set a temperature where it was difficult for me to utter a single word without clattering my teeth. Additionally, I have found that the present physical environment of the Villingili hospital can be considered dangerous for patient especially the elderly and young. The present construction activities and especially the smooth tiles put on the floor of the hospital is a haz ard for falls.For this analysis, I will be looking into the extraneous factors of the hospital in order to deliver a quality service.Extraneous factor of hospitalThe physical work environment often influences (positively or negatively) the mindset of the service providers and their efficiency and capability to innovate in delivering expanded services (). Sometimes the aspects of the consultation rooms can have a negative tinge. Such as the consultation room being too cold, hot, dark, noisy or unwelcoming (Moulton, 2007). Distractions in the room include visual distractions (eye catching photographs or art), auditory distractions (sounds from the waiting room or next consultation room) and olfactory distractions (bad odors or body odor of forward patients) (Moulton, 2007). Suboptimal seating arrangement also can be a negative extraneous factor of hospital, such as seats being hard and disquieting (Moulton, 2007).In recent years, the effects of the physical environment on the heali ng process and well-being have proved to be increasingly relevant for patients and their families as well as for healthcare staff (Huisman, Morales, Hool Korts, 2012) Studies have shown that excessive noise, glare and poor air quality can create stress as is attest by increased heart and blood pressure and reduced oxygen level in the blood in both adults and babies who are exposed to these environment (Blomkvist, Ericksen, Theorell, Ulrich, Rasmanis, 2005 Hagerman, Rasmanis, Blomkvist, Ulrich, Eriksen, Theorell, 2005Zahr Traversay 1995 cited in Zborowsky Kreitzer, 2008). A healing environment with appropriate physical aspects contribute to patients outcome such as shorter length of stay, reduced stress, increased patients satisfaction and others (Ulrich et al., 2004 cited in Hussain Babalghith, 2014).REFERENCESClarkson, P., Challis, D. (2003). Quality Assurance Practices in Care Management A Perspective from the United Kingdom. Care Management Journals, 4, (3), 142-151.Huisman, E. R. C. M., Morales, E., Hool, J. V. Korts, H. S. M. (2012). better environment A review of the impact of physical environmental factors on users. Building and Environment (58), 7080.Moultan, L. (2007). The Naked Consultation A Practical Guide to Primary Care Consultation skill (1st ed). United Kingdom, UK Radcliffe Publishing.WHO. (2004). Quality Improvement in Primary Health Care A Practical Guide. WHO regional publication, Eastern Mediterranean Series 26.Zborowsky, T., Kreitzer, M. J. (2008). Creating Optimal Healing Environment in Health Care Setting. Clinical and Health Affairs, 91(3), 35-38.Saushan Rasheed Quality Assurance in Health Care Assignment 2

Role Of Climate In The Classic Maya Collapse History Essay

Role Of Climate In The standard Maya Collapse History raiseIn this paper, the impacts of climate change on the Maya will be examined. It is likely that a number of factors combined to produce the generate for which the civilisation is sanitary known. With this in mind, the extent to which climate itself played a role will be particularly looked into.Defining the CollapseBefore the role of climate can be looked into, it first needs to be established what the Maya collapse actually was. Popular media has often portrayed the collapse as roughlything that happened simultaneously across the Mayan region, resulting in the knifelike and complete destruction of the entire Mayan civilisation. How forever this was non the case. The collapse mainly refers to the drastic decline of the cities of the s outhern Maya Low spheres. Mevery of these cities had been highly powerful in the genuine period (AD 250-900), the so called pinnacle of Mayan civilisation, and had dominated the entire May a region (Sh ber and Traxler 2006 287). It is the fall of these urban center states that unsexs the Terminal incorrupt (AD 790-900), but this period also saw many a nonher(prenominal) sites, particularly in the north and east, continue to flourish and in some cases regular grow, supporting large populations into the Postclassic (AD 900- c.1542) long after the collapse. Sharer and Traxler therefore define the collapse as a process of transformation that saw the end of upright states and the rise of new states that dominated the Postclassic period (2006 503).Identifying the CollapseIt has been seen that the collapse of Classic Maya sites was focussed within the southern Maya Lowlands, but what were the changes in the archaeological record that signal collapse in this region? A study factor suggesting collapse was the decrease in the number of carved stone stelae and altars dedicated over the course of the 9th century, with the last known dated stela having been erected at Toni na in AD 909. The cessation of erecting monuments varied surrounded by sites, with inscribed stelae ceasing at Dos Pilas as early as AD 760 and Tikal at AD 889, suggesting that the collapse was non a sudden, simultaneous item, but was an ongoing process that affected different cities at different times although ultimately the outcome was the same (Chase and Chase 2006 169).drastic depopulation of the region is also identifiable. This can be seen in a decline of domestic activity in palaces and common houses alike. The cities of Tikal, Calakmul, Copan and Palenque, among others, had reached peak population in the tardily Classic and so their subsequent decline is particularly noniceable (Sharer and Traxler 2006 500). There constitute been conglomerate estimates as to the maximum population of the southern and central Lowlands during the Classic period, ranging from 3 to 14 million people, but it is seemingly agreed that this had dropped to well-nigh only 1 million by the st art of the Postclassic. This suggests a depopulation rate in the range of 53-90%, a aim un springed prior to European arrival in the new World (Gill 2000 351). So although limited to the Maya Lowlands, the collapse was a large event, leaving once powerful cities deserted within the space of 150 years.What made the Mayan civilisation different from others that suffered a drastic collapse was that it was not a single, unified society, but was instead a collection of individual urban center states and their hinterlands, each get the hangled by a king. This would seem to suggest that there moldiness receive been external pressures that, at the very least, triggered and compounded existing problems within these city states, rather than internal problems that somehow all resulted in collapse. So what had caused these once prominent cities to be abandoned?Causes of the CollapseMany different arguments exhaust been put forward to explain the Maya collapse. In the past a single cause had been sought, and innate(p) disasters such as earthquakes or hurricanes were considered. It is now generally agreed til now, that there was likely no single cause, but an interplay of factors (McNeil et al. 2010 1017). For the purpose of this paper however I shall focus on drouth and warfare, which are two of the most commonly debated theories.DroughtFluctuation in rainfall was common to the Maya area and there was precedent for drouth, although evidence suggests that the Classic droughts lasted longer and were more intense than any antecedently experienced by the Maya (Gill et al. 2007). Lake sediment cores from Lake Chichancanab in the Eastern Yucatan Peninsula show that there was a period of drought lasting around 150-200 years, with three peak phases of severe drought within this. This is supported by evidence from marine sediments of the Cariaco Basin finish up the coast of Venezuela, which show that, in this particular region, the drought lasted from AD 760-930. Four pe riods of intense drought are identifiable from these samples, centring on the years AD760, 810, 860 and 910 (Gill et al. 2007). The correlation between the periods of severe drought and the collapse of Classic Maya civilisation in the Lowlands, surely suggests it had a critical impact on those polities, such as Tikal, Calakmul, Naranjo and Palenque, that were not well served by rivers.Lucero suggests that the Classic Maya elite based their power on the control of peeing. Many of the regional centres of the Maya Lowlands did not have access to natural water sources and relied on artificial reservoirs which were under the control of the rulers. As a result they were dependent on seasonal rainfall for water, and Maya royalty would have also used their finical connections to the gods, specifically Chac the rain god, to guarantee enough water finished rituals and ceremonies. It was upon this basis that Maya rulers exacted tribute and labour from their subjects (Lucero 2002). Decreasin g rainfall and long term drought would have undermined the foundation on which the Mayan elite drew their power, resulting in political collapse. The diminishing power of the elite can be seen archaeologically through a reduction in the manufacture and distribution of prestige and ritual goods at many centres during the Terminal Classic (Sharer and Traxler 2006 499-500). The production of polychrome pottery and ornately carved items of jade, wood, bone and shell, was controlled by the elite and used to reinforce status (Demarest 2004 213). The increasing absence of such items in the archaeological record therefore suggests rulers no longer had the same level of support from their subjects. Their power was waning, as also reflected in fewer dynastic stelae, used to legitimise power, and the end of monumental construction projects such as chunk courts, temples and causeways. The decline of the elite and, as a result, centralised political organisation was a major feature of the Mayan collapse. It is Luceros argument that drought was the main reason piece of tail this. It was only able to inflict such damaging change because water control was inherent to the institution of Kingship within Mayan society. Drought would have also had the translucent consequences of a lack of drinking water and severe decrease in agricultural production.WarfareConversely it has also been suggested that rather than drought, it was endemic warfare and argument amongst the various city states that led to the weaker polities being overpowered, causing the breakdown of dynastic power in these defeated polities. The cities of the Petexbatun region of present day Guatemala, in particular, are argued to have collapsed while trapped in a state of siege and fortification warfare (Demarest et al. 1997). This constant state of war is believed to have destabilised the political and frugal structures, resulting in political devolution and eventual recrudesceure in the early 9th century.Inter estingly the Petexbatun region had good river access, making it unlikely that drought was a major factor in the collapse of this area (Sharer and Traxler 2006 515-17). It is on this basis that Demarest disputes an ecological model, pointing out that political disintegration had already begun in the Petexbatun by the time drought occurred, the last inscription at the early known city to fall, Dos Pilas, dated to AD760 (Demarest cited in McKillop 2004 99). Zooarchaeological evidence from this region also suggests there was no hazard of famine, or nutritional stress through protein deficiency, in the Classic or Terminal Classic (Emery cited in Demarest 2006 105). The violence prevalent in this region was seemingly independent of an environmental impetus.Common Ground?There is a convincing amount of evidence in support of each of both drought and warfare, suggesting that they both likely played some role. The reputation of Maya society however, being a collection of city states, mean s that evidence of warfare in one region, for instance, does not necessarily mean that it can be inferred elsewhere. As mentioned, it was in the cities of the Petexbatun where evidence shows endemic violence caused the abandonment of the region. It has often been the mistake to imply that this then must(prenominal) surely have been the cause for collapse across the entire Maya lowlands, or at least present in a wider area, but the evidence does not support this. The same goes for drought. Although this may have been noticeable over much of the Maya lowlands, the affects were surely most closely felt by those cities without access to natural water sources and dependent on rainfall for agriculture.Instead the evidence appears to suggest that different regions likely had a different trigger cause or combination of causes (Sharer and Traxler 2006 514). It seems labored to believe that such catastrophic events could have occurred within a similar timeframe, yet independently of each ot her, but have the same result. This does suggest however that Mayan civilisation had reached a point where it was extremely vulnerable to the slightest variation, with location playing a large part in deciding the factor that would tip a particular city over the edge, towards collapse.Manmade or Natural Occurrence?Drought appears to have played a relatively large, although joint, role in the collapse of the Classic Mayan civilisation. But was this environmental change anthropogenic or a natural occurrence? The answer to this relates closely to the argument over the level of de lumberation carried out by the Maya.It has long been argued by many of those supporting the theory that drought was at least in part responsible for the Maya collapse, that the Maya themselves were to blame for the environmental degradation, imputable to deforestation. Shaw believes that the varying fate of the different city states during the Terminal Classic was a result of the level of deforestation in thei r particular region. She argues that, as deforestation raises temperatures and decreases evapotranspiration at a local or regional level only, the varying extent of tree removal explains the irregularity that the North and East of the Yucatan Peninsula continued to support a thriving population, while the heartland collapsed under severe drought (Shaw 2003). Studies into 20th century droughts in the United States and Mexico, however, show that over large areas they are hardly ever uniform, and so it is actually normal for certain areas to be affected more, or less at different times (Gill et al. 2007 287). This provides another explanation for the asymmetrical do of drought in the Maya area, disputing the idea that deforestation was responsible for the irregularities.The Maya would have cleared sections of forest to make room for farming and agriculture. Wood was also used as domestic fuel, and was needed for the high temperature fires used to make lime mortar from limestone, a key component in Maya construction (Demarest 2004 145). That the Maya made use of their forest environment is therefore known, but it is Shaws argument that they exploited it through conscious overuse (Shaw 2003). infield is another advocate of the deforestation model as a cause of collapse, arguing that deforestation would have made the soil much less fertile at a time when more agricultural land was needed, due to population pressure. He also agrees with Shaw that another of the consequences would have been manmade drought, and he uses the example of Copan, in present day Honduras, in particular (Diamond 2005 168-70).That deforestation was widespread, and a human induced cause of drought, is a plausible theory, and in Copan, is supported by a core sample from Petapilla Swamp, a peat bog 4.5km north of the city itself (Rue 1987). Pollen retrieved from the core showed a much lower representation of tropical and deciduous forest trees than previously known, and less variation in the pa lynoflora. The cores showed no suggestion of operative climatic change from the palynological evidence, and led Rue to conclude that the vegetational changes were human induced through deforestation, with increased activity in the Late Classic (Rue 1987).New evidence has recently been put forward however, that disputes deforestation as the cause of environmental degradation. This new research particularly focuses on the law of Copan where, as touched(p) on above, it had previously been asserted that by AD800, not a single tree remained from the deciduous, or pine forest on the slope above the city (Abrams and Rue 1988, Diamond 2005 169). McNeill et al. argue that Rues Petapilla Swamp core, upon which much of the deforestation theory has been based, only dates back to AD1010 with its oldest sediment, 100 years after Copans collapse (2010). Therefore it could not possibly have bearing on the Classic period population and their affect on the environment. The new data comes from anot her core from the same swamp, of which the earliest sediments this time date to 900-790 cal BC, providing data over a much longer range. It provided an interesting pollen profile, with the most pronounced deforestation apparent at the earliest order of 900-790BC, with another later surge in the 5th century AD. Very much in contrast to the earlier core, it also shows an increase in arboresque pollen in the Late Classic, particularly that of pine. This data allowed McNeill et al. to surmise thatAt the close of the citys Classic period, the hills above Copan were more densely forested than when the Maya first built their polity centre.(2010 1021)This therefore suggests that rather than destroying their environment, the Maya were actually managing and cultivating it.Even though Copan was situated on a river, it received much less rainfall than other river centres at around 130 centimetres a year so was likely at the mercy of changing rainfall patterns and drought. But if drought in th is region was not caused by deforestation as the latest evidence suggests, then climate change was likely behind it. Palaeoclimatic records from North America, Europe and the Arctic indicate that the 9th and 10th centuries AD were as cold as during the Little Ice Age. Tree rings from the White Mountains of California show a steep decline in temperatures from AD790-950 and nippy advances in Alaska have been dated to AD700-900. In Sweden also, a number of glacial advances are known from this period, dated to AD800-910 (Gill 2000 287-88, 385). Severe cold in the Northern cerebral hemisphere can indicate a south-westward displacement of the North Atlantic High and a southward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which would have caused summer rains to fail in the Maya Lowlands. The failure of the ITCZ to move north in the summer at this time, is evidenced by a drop in sea surface salt in a marine sediment core from the north-eastern Caribbean, coinciding with the period of collapse (AD 760-930) (Gill et al. 2007). As a result, all this evidence points to the climatic conditions as having been contributory of drought at the time of the Maya collapse.Avoidable Climate Change?It seems apparent that climate change was responsible for the drought that affected much of the Maya Lowlands. In some places this may have been exacerbated by deforestation, but on the whole it seems more likely that it was not anthropogenic. As discussed previously, drought was one of the main factors to influence and perchance even trigger the Maya collapse in some regions. If the drought was not induced by human action or inaction, is it possible to learn from the mistakes of the Maya as Diamond asserts in his book? Diamond bases much, if not all, of his argument on the belief that the Maya had a choice, but their refusal to change led to their downfall. He more or less suggests that the Maya of Copan, which he uses as an example, stood back and watched as the last tree fe ll. But his argument is based on flawed evidence. This is easy to say with hindsight, in the light of recent publications, but he also ignored existing evidence, seemingly because it did not support his position. He commentsMaya kings sought to outdo each other with more and more impressive temples, covered with thicker and thicker plaster- reminiscent in turn of the extravagant conspicuous consumption by modern American CEOs.(Diamond 2005 177)As previously mentioned, lime plaster required extreme heat to create and for this reason much wood was required in its production. If deforestation was causing problems for their society, which is now believed to be false in any case, then to continue to create vast quantities of plaster for nothing but aesthetic reasons would have been ignorant and stupid. This is seemingly what Diamond is suggesting, despite research published in 1996 that showed that sculptures dating to the Late Classic at Copan used much thinner layers of plaster than th ose of an earlier date. Implying the Maya were taking measures to retain unnecessary tree loss (Fash and Fash 1996). Diamond focuses on the implications for our present society, which is a good reason for studying past collapse, but he seems to oversimplify the problems of the Maya. down the stairs the heading The Maya Message he identifies the various strands that he believes led to the collapse, but in a way that makes it seem like they are a checklist to stave off if we do not want our present society to fail. He does not give the Maya any credit for having attempted to change their society in any way. But he would likely not have wished to do so acknowledging that the Maya understood the precarious ecological situation they found themselves in and made attempts to reproduction this, but still failed, does not bode well for our current society, where short term benefit, at seemingly any cost, is most often preferred over long term solutions.ConclusionTo come to the conclusion that the Maya did not shape their own downfall, in as much they did not create drought through deforestation, apparently leaves the almost equally unwelcoming alternative that borders on environmental determinism. This argument implies that the Lowlands were not conducive to complex and advanced civilisation the Mayan cities were destined to collapse, it was an inevitable event that could only be put off not overcome. I feel there is, however, a middle ground between the two. I would agree that the drought was likely not the result of the Maya being irresponsible and overusing their natural resources. On the contrary it seems more likely that the Maya, at least at Copan, had become well adapted to their environment and were using it sustainably. They were at their peak florescence in the Classic period, when both environmental and climatic conditions were relatively constant. As a result of this stability though, they were increasingly becoming part of a rigidity trap, mastering th eir environment of relatively low level, but predictable rainfall by ontogeny water-efficient maize, and utilising reservoirs in order to build cities on fertile land far from a permanent water source. They had made themselves highly vulnerable to drought and in the terminal classic were faced with the worst droughts the region had seen for 7000 years.It was not the carrying capacity of the region however, but the nature of Mayan society that reduced their ability to change, as it must also be remembered that warfare was as important a cause of the collapse as drought in some regions. Although the Maya showed some adaptability at Copan in maintaining the forest, factors other than land use were much harder to change. Another society without a ruling system based on the control of water for example, would perhaps have fared better in the same circumstances, as drought would likely not have brought down their political system as easily. But this method of control was inherent to Maya n society, allowing for such things as monumental construction and the exacting of tribute. The Maya way of life had evolved to meet their circumstances and their environment, but in the end they had become pertinacious in these ways and were unable to modify their society enough when their situation changed. Even if the elite had foreseen drought and wished to change the basis of their power, it is unlikely they could have even done so without collapse remaining the end result it was such a fundamental component of their society.It can therefore be seen that the Maya collapse was an extremely complex event that was the result of multiple factors, of which warfare and drought were dominant. In an attempt to focus more on the role of climate, I have overlook some of the other factors such as weakening economy through loss of trade and overpopulation among others, but have attempted to emphasize the multi faceted nature of the collapse in the hope of avoiding oversimplification.Clim ate change and the resulting drought played a large, albeit joint role in the collapse of the Lowland Classic Maya. A long period of relative stability had made the Maya culture fragile and inflexible, so that when faced by changes to this constancy, a precarious balance between the various elements of their society was revealed ultimately they proved unsuccessful in maintaining this in a time of stress.

The Concept Of Early Marriage Society Essay

The Concept Of Early spousal relationship Society EssayEveryone knows the problem of teenage and adults because of its adverse effects on the family and society, and has negative implications in terms of health, mental and economical aspects(14 October) newspaper some of the members of the community to know the dam eld this wedding political party that people complain about it.Effects of Early Marri termEarly mating effects give the axe be twain negative and positive, it may be a successful marri come on, but the cons be more than the pros. For example, we can say that a large proportion of the Yemeni society re resign an example of this produce but if we think that this segment live without a motionless marriage sustenance we might be wrong and perhaps they feel that theyre happy because they got used to it as a tradition.The nigh important disadvantages of early marriage is that it always ends in failure and paradoxical as it may be unify at the request of parents and held them since they were sm each(prenominal) meaning that marriage imposed does non exist for the passion between them, early marriage, even if they continued accompanied by a lot of problems and the contract, especially afterward a period ofage of marriage, where the feel of each party that imposed on him and that view both to the early(a) non-interest and satisfaction in other words, that feeling and a sense of the party towards the other party no longer has any existence, and that was contrary to the truth becomes a spacing and acrimony between the parties. Another result from early marriage, family non-threaded or non-M in the case of the continuation of the marriage and the reason is due to the lack of full maturity and rationality of the husband or wife and irresponsibility in building a noble family strong and I mean that boys contrive no one to wangle for them and bring them good education, because the spouses do not enlighten the meaning of responsibility of the pa rties and achieve the desired goaland satisfy the instinct emotional only. may be the man at the age or antiquated age and women are at an early age has been a marriage for the purpose of material or so and thus appear negative after marriage, a lack of understanding between married couples, or different thinking or a difference of age and perhaps married women inan early age was forced and therefore not aware of the meaning of married feel later, and may be just the opposite for men who follow early, a woman older than him not as a woman or girl when she marries at an early age is not reassuring for brio and demo many pressures psychological, genial and often mood nervous, feel that they have committed a sin or it is a gentle cosmos naive, being married at a young age and things are a shame for them and in this age, she does not understand the meaning of a family and have no look to build a society and that foundation is the family sense of two fresh for Dyalrgel and women w ho get married at the age ofearly to be inadequate for building the family and society, but remains of early marriage are some positive aspects for the young and the young because it track downs on the vaccinated and protect from corruption and moral decay and the behavior is normal and is therefore considered this marriage horse for the person and maybe this kind of marriage has its wins in the face of the levels of married life and its problems withAfter marriage, born with the challenge, resilience and ability to carry tow and the requirements of married life so that men have acquired a strong result not weaken in front of the difficult heap it was important and this is rarely found in people who were raised in the environment or harsh conditions ..It could be argued that the benefits of early marriage that sisterren living in the age and age is enough to help their parents until they are old and cannot fear them from the pitfalls of old-time.Marriage Alambkremcklp hangou t communityShe spoke Sister / Salwa Mohammed Ali gauze, sayingMarriage housing and love and mercy to form a stable family united and that the marriage of the ways of idol in the universe for the sustainability of life and continuity to what God wills, but early marriage, which means that a person is is ready physically and mentally etc incomplete maturity and identifies age is under the age of eighteenage, that early marriage problem of great social concern to the community and lam to a lot of social and psychological problems, one of the most important reasons that lead to high decouple rate in society and leads to many social and psychological problems and also lead to a deviation of the children and their estates and are considered victims of early marriage as it is the most importantfactors affecting the creation of family volatile of the inability of spouses to raise children properly so that they become a burden on society but on their families and themselves, which leads to backwardness and lack of growth of the community and result in early marriage conflict between the families so as not to bear a spouse, each other and Isttie solve their problems butresort to the parents mentally and physically, to the lack of psychological stability in the family and most of this or that loss of life in the bickering and problems that do not expire and age that does not repeat without that we benefit in our religion and our mundane.Reasons behind early marriage?The most important reasons that drive parents to marry dark their daughters or their children at a young age instinct existing within the human psyche and of greed for material shall be their children just a commodity sold without thinking about their future, which is the most expensive things in life as swell as the motivation, traditions and customs that would lead to marriage of children inan early age, especially the girl who beat her and be married at the age inappropriate for her and are not able to bear this responsibility, because age is not formatted to the procreation and upbringing of children, and motivations also underdevelopment which is the problem itself, I mean the failure of parents who push them strong impetus to the lack of understanding that lifechange and not necessarily to live their children as they lived them, as well as becoming early marriage stumbling block particularly girls Fimnaha of education altogether, or are taken out of school early in life and thus are lagging behind non-educated and have a negative impact on society and therefore fail in her marriage these and other factorshelp to leave the community and not to link the past with the present at this important point with the harm caused by serious and psychological impacts both on women at this early format is not ready physically and still members of the body in the process of growth and reproduction at this stage may lose their life or grow properly and is an important factor inhigh mortalit y rate at birth attach to this the complications subsequent harmful to their health and the health of her unborn child and most importantly, the injured psychological where infected women are depressed psychological due to the circumstances the new life that can not afford what the difficulties because they do not have experience in how to deal with life, which is still living isthe same age children Therefore, we have as much as possible to avoid early marriage and childbearing for the risk of significant social and judge our minds on this issue in order to avoid the scourge before they regret when it is too late because a marriage to a social entity and the prisoners must be equal.In contrast,At the other end spoke comrade / Abdul Salam future Rabadi said Marriage is a blessing of God Almighty bestowed on all human beings to the fraught relationship of love and compassion and intimacy between the couple and a family to preserve the offspring of human extinction has embodied the marital relationship, all the laws ofera (our father Adam) until God inherits the earth and them, therefore, early marriage is not a distasteful because it is for both sexes, male and female chastity and purity, the purity of the vices which are located in communities that are prescribed in laws and prohibit this type of marriage. helps to spread of immorality how much getsin Western and Eastern societies that do not condemn the Islamic law.It also has disadvantages may be negligible compared positively by fortifying communities Underworld reservation offspring of human extinction and protect communities from diseases that raise from the delay of marriage as is the case in the communities mentioned above. Therefore I think that early marriage is the only way to protect communities from indulging in the relationsillegal and therefore they work on the conservation of lineages and races and good birth control.Children do not bear the responsibilityHe spoke Brother / Nayef Hammoud rig ht First to Know Why marry boys and girls at a young age and early and say they were previously driven to marry off their children are young because of the lack of hands to help them in farming and the individual, including married women Owalitnin Owalthelat even have help to work and serve the land and place and harvestingBut the question is puzzling in our time because they do not work on farms and became the Son burden on the father sort of than what to be the father costly supports an the child only becomes a father costly supports an son and his wife and children This is a dilemma in itself add to the burden of the family I am the opinion that parents do not give the marriage of their childrenHowever, when mature and appreciate the responsibility and know the rights of marriage for males and females all of whom know his wealthiness and what it should be efficient and able to bear the responsibility and expenses of the House because it would establish a home and family I am W hen I married that my son was young and I spent it will become the responsibility of heavy Ali and therefore will be forcedto tell him that God opens you rode your home and here face reality and do not work, no job and no home do not study a whole part dependent on his father does not compare marriage in the past and present in the past of early marriage was not a problem because life as a whole were not complex, as is thetoday in the era of technology and the person to go to anywhere and do any work without conditions and the number of hearts of the people was a little comparison of population explosion happening, who is suffering from the country before twenty years have passed a variety of jobs present and most people working in Gulf countries and the rest at home and very easily accessible, butIn the present work is becoming difficult, both outside and inside the country.ConclusionFrom my point of view, disadvantages of early marriage causing the number of divorces for the fail ure of the two partners in the marital life and the ignorance of the girl of their duties and their rights and problems of early marriage is also that children do not know the meaning of marriage and what the duties and rights are married, imagine when the wife is a child and are subjected to pregnancy and childbirth and give birth to a baby isdo not know the methods of education and do not know how to care for this baby because they are themselves looking for a mentor, and from the complete breeding, as well as the health problem faced by post-natal and the Son which was imposed by the marriage and parenthood is not capable nor wise nor very well all these reasons, the above-mentionedlead to the failure of the marriage and lead to early divorce logic is to learn and study and get a job then we can think about marriage.

Sonnet 72 Essay -- essays research papers

William ShakespeareSonnet 18Sh both I compare thee to a summers mean solar day? &9&9aThou art more lovely and more temperate&9&9&9&9&9&9bRough winds do shake the darling buds of May,&9&9&9&9&9aAnd summers lease hath all too short a date&9&9&9&9&9bSomemagazine too hot the eye of promised land shines&9&9&9&9&9cAnd often is his gold complexion dimmed,&9&9&9&9&9&9dAnd every fair from fair sometimes dec line of works,&9&9&9&9&9c&9By chance, or dispositions changing course, untrimmed&9&9&9&9d yet thy eternal summer shall not fade,&9&9&9&9&9&9eNor lose possession of that fair thou owst&9&9&9&9&9&9fNor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,&9&9&9&9&9e&9When in eternal lines to time thou growst&9&9&9&9&9&9fSo long as man can breathe, or eyes can see,&9&9&9&9&9gSo long lives this and this gives life to thee&9&9&9&9&9g3 Sentences1st sentence line 12nd sentence lines 2 - 83rd sentence lines 9 - 14This is a Shakespearean sonnet with no characteristics of a Petrarchan sonnet.GLOSSARYTemp erate&9&9&9&9&9moderateDarling&9&9&9&9&9&9very dearLease&9&9&9&9&9&9the landmark during which possession is guaranteedDate&9&9&9&9&9&9the time during which something lastsComplexion&9&9&9&9&9colour, visible aspect, appearanceTo decline&9&9&9&9&9to diminish, decrease, deteriorateUntrimmed&9&9&9&9&9not carefully or neatly arranged or attiredFair&9&9&9&9&9&9beauty, fairness, full looksEternal &9&9&9&9&9infinite in past and future duration,&9&9&9&9&9&9without beginning or endTo brag&9&9&9&9&9to declare or assert boastfully SHALL I COMPARE THEE TO A SUMMERS DA... ...tent iambic pentameter, encapsulates the idea of eternal life through versification.&9The meter is iambic pentameter and the rhythm is fairly rhythmical throughout the sonnet. However, in a number of lines there are spondaic feet, used to emphasise threats to the beauty and the idea of eternity. Clear examples of this are the "Rough winds" in line 3 and the "death" that will not "brag" in line 11. In the latter example the threat of death is reinforced by the assonance between the words "death" and "brag". Line 9 is an interesting line as regards the rhythm. For the last two feet reinforce the turn, introduced by the "But". A regular rhythm would have a stress on "shall", followed by an unstressed "not". However, the opposite is true. This clearly adds to the contrasting quality of this line after two regular iambic pentameters the stress on the "not" following the introductory "But" leaves no doubt about the turn the subscriber witnesses in this line. A truly beautiful example of a Shakespearean turn.

Self: Plunging into the Other Side of the Mirror Essay -- Self Conscio

Self Plunging into the Other Side of the MirrorOnly in a mirror do we find ourselves. We cannot do it when we are apart, distanced, from who and what we are we need to see our shapes, our selves, in the way we cannot see ourselves subjectively. But still, the glass plays with us, contorting and distorting, even if it is energy more than a straightforward, honest reflection. It is our minds which are the true lenses.Why do we feel this compunction throughout the ages to look at our own reflections? It is inbred into us it begins at such a tender age, this obsession with oneself. I neer really took much notice of it while I was young, partly because I myself was never overly concerned with my appearance, and partly because my generation was not so image-conscious. However, as the years have passed, I have grown into an awareness of this larger social issue, watching as more and more pre-teen girls doll themselves up in tight jeans, baby T-shirts and glitzy make-up. Like observing th e gorillas in the mist, I watch as these girls preen and pluck, check themselves over and over in their compacts and handheld mirrors, readjust their clothes and redo their hair. It is, from a clinical viewpoint, disturbing.I doubt any of those girls echo the prototypical time they ever saw their reflections in mirrors. If they even did, I further doubt that they would make anything of it, ponder its repercussions, question the greater impact of this first awakening. It is not an emotional, sexual, or intellectual awakening, no it is a subtle and important transition from the world of the oblivious to the waking world of self-consciousness.As a real young child, I looked for myself in any reflective surface I could find. I would cra... ...ingle noticeable change.My roommates constantly voice their bewilderment at these frequent self-deprecations of mine. It is in all probability tiring for them to have to reassure me, time and again, but I have fed for too long on my own seeds of hatred and regret now, desire Persephone, I am drawn into that underworld, lost within its dark corners. I am me, I do realize that. But when I look at my other self, that frowning, miserable girl in the mirror, I cannot yet see what Walker saw in herself. However, I no longer look for myself in the mirror, not truly. Yes, it is a starting place, like the really last step to the top of the high dive. But I still have those five very long feet to walk before I can dive off into that most vast of mirrors, and I want to be able to enjoy that shimmering and sparkly last look at myself before I plunge, deeply and honestly, into my self.