Bamboozled: Black People and White Man Essay

In 2000, Spike Lee wrote and directed the film Bamboozled. When discussing his satirical film, Spike Lee claimed, â€Å"I want people to think about the power of images, not just in terms of race, but how imagery is used and what sort of social impact it has – how it influences how we talk, how we think, how we view one another[. . . ]how film and television have historically[. . . ]produced and perpetuated distorted images. † Spike Lee certainly conveyed this message in Bamboozled. Images are powerful and carry massive social impact. They should never be misrepresented. Are all African Americans either lazy or dim-witted or â€Å"happy servants†, always ready and willing to please the White Man? The short answer is, no. However, throughout the 1800s and early 1900s, many people believed this. The ultimate question is, why? As explained in the film Ethnic Notions, this false perception grew and grew, even past the time of slavery, due to images. Derogatory images of African Americans as â€Å"happy servants† or â€Å"savages,† were everywhere; they were published in children’s books and slapped on cans of food to be used as a marketing tool. People bought into this perception of African Americans, as they became acclimatized to it. Today, our society likes to believe that times have changed and there is no longer an issue of race or false perception of African Americans in the media. However, Spike Lee argues, â€Å"A new â€Å"phenomenon† has emerged in film in recent years, in which an African-American character is imbued with special powers, filmmaker Spike Lee told a student audience ? This new image is just a reincarnation of â€Å"the same old† stereotype or caricature of African Americans ? Lee cited four recent films in which there is a â€Å"magical, mystical Negro† character ? in â€Å"The Legend of Bagger Vance,† a black man â€Å"with all these powers,† teaches a young white male ? how to golf like a champion ? â€Å"How is it that black people have these powers but they use them for the benefit of white people? † Spike Lee seems to be under the impression that African Americans are still misrepresented in the media. They have only improved their ability to mask the fact. False image is still there, but it is subtle. His film Bamboozled ripped viewers’ eyes wide open. The film explored and demonstrated two images of African Americans. The first image, is the Black Man who is just like the White Man or the Asian Man or the Middle-Eastern Man; a man who can be rich and successful like Pierre Delacroix in Bamboozled; a man who can be poor and when without money will do almost anything for it like Manray and Womack. However, when Pierre Delacroix pitched television shows about a Black Man living in an upper-middle-class white, suburban neighborhood, his superior, Thomas Dunwitty turned them down, â€Å"they definitely don’t want to see dignified black people [on television]. † However, the network would allow Pierre Delacroix to create a show which blatantly degrades African Americans; a show which goes back to the 1900s, to the time of black face and minstrel shows; a time when black people were considered subhuman. This is where Spike Lee demonstrates the other image of the African American; an image that the media has gently forced down viewer’s throats. Spike Lee, however, did not do so gently. The fictional television show in Bamboozled, â€Å"Mantan’s New Millennium Minstrel Show†, starred African Americans in â€Å"black face† acting like buffoons. It might as well have been an authentic minstrel show in the 1900s. There was dancing and singing. The two main characters hid from the White Man in a chicken coup, saying â€Å"ain’t nobody in here but us chickens! â€Å"4 The creator, Pierre Delacroix’s initial intention with this show was not to degrade his own race. It was to â€Å"break the stereotypes. â€Å"5 He figured the nation would be shocked and outraged! Instead they ate it up. The studio audience dressed in black face. Children trick-or-treated in black face. It was the latest craze of the nation. Black face is an act which digs back to a time of slavery, a time where African Americans were considered inferior. It was now socially acceptable to publicly highlight a moment in history that pained African Americans. People figured it’s on TV, it’s OK! The black man was degraded, as he has always been, but in Bamboozled no mercy was spared. Spike Lee used the film in a variety of ways. He attacked today’s media and the way in which it portrays African Americans. He explored the wide scope of African American’s lives, which is no different than the lives of any other race. He demonstrated the consequences of greed and sacrificing one’s dignity. Furthermore, he exposed society for what it really is: mindless. The majority of a population does not question the media. Instead it swallows images whole, even if those images are as false and misleading as a painted black face.

The Great Trade Collapse: What Caused It and What Does It Mean

The great trade collapse: What caused it and what does it mean? Richard Baldwin 27 November 2009 World trade experienced a sudden, severe, and synchronised collapse in late 2008 – the sharpest in recorded history and deepest since WWII. This ebook – written for the world's trade ministers gathering for the WTO's Trade Ministerial in Geneva – presents the economics profession's received wisdom on the collapse. Two dozen chapters, written by leading economists from across the globe, summarise the latest research on the causes of the collapse as well as its consequences and the prospects for recovery.According to the emerging consensus, the collapse was caused by the sudden, severe and globally synchronised postponement of purchases, especially of durable consumer and investment goods (and their parts and components). The impact was amplified by â€Å"compositional† and â€Å"synchronicity† effects in which international supply chains played a central role. The â€Å"great trade collapse† occurred between the third quarter of 2008 and the second quarter of 2009. Signs are that it has ended and recovery has begun, but it was huge – the steepest fall of world trade in recorded history and the deepest fall since the Great Depression.The drop was sudden, severe, and synchronised. A few facts justify the label: The Great Trade Collapse. It was severe and sudden Global trade has dropped before – three times since WWII – but this is by far the largest. As Figure 1 shows, global trade fell for at least three quarters during three of the worldwide recessions that have occurred since 1965 – the oil-shock recession of 1974-75, the inflation-defeating recession of 1982-83, and the Tech-Wreck recession of 2001-02.Specifically: †¢The 1982 and 2001 drops were comparatively mild, with growth from the previous year’s quarter reaching -5% at the most. †¢The 1970s event was twice that size, with g rowth stumbling to -11%. †¢Today collapse is much worse; for two quarters in a row, world trade flows have been 15% below their previous year levels. The OECD has monthly data on its members’ real trade for the past 533 months; the 7 biggest month-on-month drops among the 533 all occurred since November 2008 (see the chapter by Sonia Araujo and Joaquim Oliveira).Figure 1 The great trade collapses in historical perspective, 1965 – 2009 Source: OECD Quarterly real trade data. The great trade collapse is not as large as that of the Great Depression, but it is much steeper. It took 24 months in the Great Depression for world trade to fall as far as it fell in the 9 months from November 2008 (Figure 2). The latest data in the figure (still somewhat preliminary) suggests a recovery is underway. Figure 2 The great trade collapses vs. the Great Depression Source: Eichengreen and O’Rourke (2009), based on CPB online data for latest.It was synchronised †¢All 104 nations on which the WTO reports data experienced a drop in both imports and exports during the second half of 2008 and the first half of 2009. †¢Figure 3 shows how imports and exports collapsed for the EU27 and 10 other nations that together account for three-quarters of world trade; each of these trade flows dropped by more than 20% from 2008Q2 to 2009Q2; many fell 30% or more. Figure 3 The great trade collapse, 2008 Q2 to 2009 Q2 Sources: WTO online database.Figure 4 shows that world trade in almost all product categories were positive in 2008Q2, almost all were negative in 2008Q4, and all where negative in 2009Q1. The categories most marked by international supply chains (Mechanical and electrical machinery, Precision instruments, and Vehicles) saw some of the biggest drops, and detailed empirics in the chapter by Bems, Johnson and Yi finds that supply chains were hit harder controlling for other factors. The chart, however, shows that the falls were by no means extraordin ary large in these sectors.Figure 4 All types of goods trade collapsed simultaneously Source: Comtrade database. Manufactures and commodities Trade collapsed across the board, but it is important to distinguish between commodities and manufactures. The collapse in minerals and oil trade started from a boom time and fell faster than total trade (Figure 5). The reason was prices. Food, materials and especially oil experienced a steep run up in price in early 2008; the boom ended in mid 2008 – well before the September 2008 Lehman’s debacle. The price of manufactures, by contrast, was rather steady in this period (Figure 6).Figure 5 The great trade collapse and values: Food, oil, and manufactures Source: ITC online database. Since food, fuels, and raw materials make up about a quarter of global trade, these price movements had a big impact on aggregate trade figures. Countries dependent on commodity exports, in particular oil exporters, were among those that experienced t he greatest drop in exports (see the chapters Africa by Peter Draper and Gilberto Biacuana, and by Leonce Ndikumana and Tonia Kandiero, and on India by Rajiv Kumar and Dony Alex).The drop in manufactures trade was also massive, but it involved mostly quantity reductions. Exporters specialising in durable goods manufactures saw a particularly sharp decline in their exports (see chapters on Japan by Ruyhei Wakasugi and by Kiyoyasu Tanaka). Mexico, which is both an oil exporter and a participant in the US’s manufacturing supply chain, experienced one of the world’s most severe trade slumps (see chapter by Ray Robertson). Figure 6 The great trade collapse and prices: Commodity vs. manufactures Source: CPB online database. CausesThe great trade collapse was triggered by – and helped spread – the global economic slump that has come to be called â€Å"The Great Recession. 1 As the left panel of Figure 7 shows, the OECD nations slipped into recession in this per iod, with the largest importing markets – the US, EU and Japan (the G3) – seeing their GDP growth plummet more or less in synch. The US and Europe saw negative GDP growth rates of 3 to 4%; Japan was hit far worse. Figure 7 The current recession, OECD nations and G3, 2007Q1 – 2009Q2 Note: G3 is US, EU and Japan. Source: OECD online data base.Why did trade fall so much more than GDP? Given the global recession, a drop in global trade is unsurprising. The question is: Why was it so big? The chapter by Caroline Freund shows that during the four large, postwar recessions (1975, 1982, 1991, and 2001) world trade dropped 4. 8 times more than GDP (also see Freund 2009). This time the drop was far, far larger. From a historical perspective (Figure 8), the drop is astonishing. The figure shows the trade-to-GDP ratio rising steeply in the late 1990s, before stagnating in the new century right up to the great trade collapse in 2008.The rise in the 1990s is explained by a nu mber of factors including trade liberalisation. A key driver, however, was the establishment of international supply chains (manufacturing was geographically unbundled with various slices of the value-added process being placed in nearby nations). This unbundling meant that the same value-added crossed borders several times. In a simple international supply chain, imported parts would be transformed into exported components which were in turn assembled into final goods and exported again, so the trade figures counted the final value added several times.As we shall see, the presences of these highly integrated and tightly synchronised production networks plays an important role in the nature of the great trade collapse (see chapters by Rudolfs Bems, Robert Johnson, and Kei-Mu Yi, and by Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, and Linda Tesar). Figure 8 World trade to world GDP ratio, 1980Q1 to 2009Q2 Source: World imports from OECD online data base; World GDP based on IMF data. Emerging conse nsus on the causes Economists around the world have been working hard to understand the causes of this unusually large and abrupt shut down of international trade.The dozen chapters in Part II of this book summarise all the key research – most of it done by the authors themselves. They do not all agree on all points, but a consensus is emerging. When sales drop sharply – and the great trade collapse was a gigantic drop in international sales – economists look for demand shocks and/or supply shocks. The emerging consensus is that the great trade collapse was mostly a demand shock – although supply side factors played some role. The demand shock operated through two distinct but mutually reinforcing channels: †¢Commodity prices – which tumbled when the rice bubble burst in mid 2008 – continued to follow world demand in its downward spiral. The price movements and diminished demand sent the value and volume of commodities trade diving. â⠂¬ ¢The production and exports of manufacturing collapsed as the Lehman’s-induced shock-and-awe caused consumers and firms to wait and see; private demand for all manner of ‘postpone-able’ consumption crashed. This second point was greatly amplified by the very particular nature of the demand shock that hit the world’s economy in September 2008. Why so big? This consensus view, however, is incomplete.It raises the question: If the trade drop was demand driven, why was the trade drop so much larger than the GDP drop? The answer provided by the emerging consensus is that the nature of the demand shock interacted with â€Å"compositional† and â€Å"synchronicity† effects to greatly exaggerate the movement of the trade-to-GDP ratio. Compositional effect The compositional effect turns on the peculiar nature of the demand shock. The demand shock was very large, but also focused on a narrow range of domestic value-added activities – the produ ction of â€Å"postponeable† goods, consumer durables and investment goods.This demand drop immediately, reducing demand for all related intermediate inputs (parts and components, chemicals, steel, etc). The compositional-effect argument is founded on the fact that postponeables make up a narrow slice of world GDP, but a very large slice of the world trade (Figure 9). In a nutshell, the common cause of the GDP and trade collapse – a sudden drop in the demand for postponeables – operated with full force on trade but diminished force on GDP due to the compositional difference.The large demand shock applied to the near-totality of trade while only applying to a thin portion of GDP. Here is a simple example. 2 Suppose exports consisted of 90% â€Å"postponeable† (consumer and investment electronics, transport equipment, machinery and their parts and components). GDP, however, consists most of non-tradeables (services, etc). Taking postponeables’ share in US GDP to be 20%, the pre-crisis situation is: When the sales of postponeables slumps by, say, half, the numerator falls much more than the denominator.Assuming that †other† continues growth in trade and GDP by 2%, the post-crisis trade to GDP ratio is Exports have fallen 44. 8% in this example, while GDP has fallen only 8. 4%. In short, the different composition of trade and GDP, taken together with the specific nature of the demand shock, has resulted in trade falling more than 5 times as fast as GDP. See the chapter by Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, and Linda Tesar for a careful investigation of this logic using detailed US production and trade data; they find that the compositional effect accounts for most of the US trade drop.The chapter by Joseph Francois and Julia Woerz uses US and Chinese data to argue that the compositional effect is key to understanding the trade collapse. 3 Figure 9 Composition of world goods trade Source: WTO online database for 2007. Sync hronicity effect The synchronicity effect helps explain why the great trade collapse was so great in an even more direct manner; almost every nation’s imports and exports fell at the same time. There was none of the averaging out that occurred in the three other postwar trade drops. But why was it so synchronised?There are two leading explanations for the remarkable synchronicity. The first concerns international supply chains, the second concerns the ultimate cause of the Great Recession. The profound internationalisation of the supply chain that has occurred since the 1980s – specifically, the just-in-time nature of these vertically integrated production networks – served to coordinate, i. e. rapidly transmit, demand shocks. Even a decade ago, a drop in consumer sales in the US or Europe took months to be transmitted back to the factories and even longer to reach the suppliers of those factories.Today, Factory Asia is online. Hesitation by US and European cons umers is transmitted almost instantly to the entire supply chain, which reacts almost instantly by producing and buying less; trade drops in synch, both imports and exports. For example, during the 2001 trade collapse, monthly data for 52 nations shows that 39% of the month-nation pairs had negative growth for both imports and exports. In the 2008 crisis the figure is 83%. For details on this point, see Di Giovanni, Julian and Andrei Levchenko (2009), Yi (2009), and the chapters by Rudolfs Bems, Robert Johnson, and Kei-Mu Yi, and by Kiyoyasu Tanaka.The second explanation requires a bit of background and a bit of conjecture (macroeconomists have not arrived at a consensus on the causes of the Great Recession). To understand the global shock to the demand for traded goods, we need a thumbnail sketch of the global crisis. How the subprime crisis became the global crisis The â€Å"Subprime Crisis† broke out in August 2007. For 13 months, the world viewed this as a financial crisi s that was mainly restricted to the G7 nations who had mismanaged their monetary and regulatory policy – especially the US and the UK.Figure 3 shows that world trade continued growing apace in 2007 and early 2008. The crisis metastasised from the â€Å"Subprime Crisis† to the global crisis in September 2008. The defining moment came when the US Treasury allowed the investment bank Lehman Brothers to go bankrupt. This shocked the global financial community since they had assumed no major financial institution would be allowed to go under. Many of the remaining financial institutions were essentially bankrupt in an accounting sense, so no one knew who might be next. Bankers stopped lending to each other and credit markets froze.The Lehman bankruptcy, however, was just one of a half dozen â€Å"impossible events† that occurred at this time. Here is a short list of others:4 †¢All big investment banks disappeared. †¢The US Fed lent $85 billion to an insuran ce company (AIG), borrowing money from the US Treasury to cover the loan. †¢A US money market fund lost so much that it could not repay its depositors capital. †¢US Treasury Secretary Paulson asked the US Congress for three-quarters of a trillion dollars based on a 3-page proposal; he had difficulties in answering direct questions about how the money would fix the problem. The hereto laissez-faire US Securities and Exchange Commission banned short selling of bank stocks to slow the drop in financial institutions stock prices. It didn’t work. †¢Daniel Gros and Stephano Micossi (2009) pointed out that European banks were too big to fail and too big to save (their assets were often multiples of the their home nations’ GDPs); †¢Congress said â€Å"no† to Paulson’s ill-explained plan, promising its own version. As people around the world watched this unsteady and ill-explained behaviour of the US government, a massive feeling of insecurity formed.Extensive research in behavioural economics shows that people tend to act in extremely risk averse ways when gripped by fears of the unknown (as opposed to when they are faced with risk, as in a game of cards, where all outcomes can be enumerated and assigned a probability). Fall 2008 was a time when people really had no idea what might happen. This is Ricardo Caballero’s hypothesis of â€Å"Knightian Uncertainty† (i. e. the fear of the unknown) which has been endorsed by the IMF’s chief economist Olivier Blanchard. Consumers, firms, and investors around the world decided to â€Å"wait and see† – to hold off on postponeable purchases and investments until they could determine how bad things would get. The delaying of purchases and investments, the redressing of balance sheets and the switching of wealth to the safest assets caused what Caballero has called â€Å"sudden financial arrest† (a conscious reference to the usually fatal medi cal condition â€Å"sudden cardiac arrest†). The â€Å"fear factor† spread across the globe at internet speed. Consumers, firms and investors all feared that they’d find out what capitalism without the capital would be like.They independently, but simultaneously decided to shelf plans for buying durable consumer and investment goods and indeed anything that could be postponed, including expensive holidays and leisure travel. In previous episodes of declining world trade, there was no Lehman-like event to synchronise the wait-and-see stance on a global scale. The key points as concerns the trade and GDP collapse: †¢As the fear factor was propagating via the electronic press; the transmission was global and instantaneous. †¢The demand shock to GDP and the demand shock to trade occurred simultaneously. â€Å"Postponeable† sector production and trade were hit first and hardest. There are a number of indications that this is the right story. First, g lobal trade in services did not, in general, collapse (see the chapter by Aditya Mattoo and Ingo Borchert). Interestingly, one of the few categories of services trade that did collapse was tourism – the ultimate postponeable. Second, macroeconomists’ investigations into the transmission mechanisms operating in this crisis show that none of the usual transmission vectors – trade in goods, international capital flows, and financial crisis contagion – were esponsible for the synchronisation of the global income drop (Rose and Spiegel 2009). Supply-side effects The Lehman-link â€Å"sudden financial arrest† froze global credit markets and spilled over on the specialized financial instruments that help grease the gears of international trade – letters of credit and the like. From the earliest days of the great trade collapse, analysts suspected that a lack of trade-credit financing was a contributing factor (Auboin 2009). As the chapter by Jesse Mora and William Powers argues, such supply-side shocks have been important in the past.Careful research on the 1997 Asian crisis (Amiti and Weinstein 2009) and historical bank crises (see the chapter by Leonardo Iacovone and Veronika Zavacka) provide convincing evidence that credit conditions can affect trade flows. The Mora and Powers chapter, however, finds that declines in global trade finance have not had a major impact on trade flows. While global credit markets in general did freeze up, trade finance declined only moderately in most cases. If anything, US cross-border bank financing bounced back earlier than bank financing from other sources.In short, trade financing had at most a moderate role in reducing global trade. Internationalised supply chains are a second potential source of supply shocks. One could imagine that a big drop in demand combined with deteriorating credit conditions might produce widespread bankruptcies among trading firms. Since the supply chain is a cha in, bankruptcy of even a few links could suppress trade along the whole chain. The chapters by Peter Schott (on US data), by Lionel Fontagne and Guillaume Gaulier (on French data), and by Ruyhei Wakasugi (on Japanese data) present evidence that such disruptions did not occur this time.They do this by looking at very disaggregated data (firm-level data in the Fontagne-Gaulier chapter) and distinguishing between the so-called â€Å"intensive† and â€Å"extensive† margins of trade. These margins decompose changes in trade flows into changes in sales across existing trade relations (intensive) and changes in the number of such relations (extensive). If the supply-chain-disruption story were an important part of the great trade collapse, these authors should have found that the extensive margin was important.The authors, however, find that the great trade collapse has been primarily driven by the intensive margin – by changes in pre-existing trade relationships. Trad e fell because firms sold less of products that they were already selling; there was very little destruction of trade relationships as would be the case if the extensive margin had been found to be important. This findings may be due to the notion of †hysteresis in trade† (Baldwin 1988), namely, that large and sunk market-entry costs imply that firms are reluctant to exit markets in the face of temporary shocks.Instead of exiting, they merely scale back their operations, waiting for better times. Protectionism is the final supply shock commonly broached as a cause of the great trade collapse. The chapter by Simon Evenett documents the rise in crisis-linked protectionist measures. While many measures have been put in place – on average, one G20 government has broken its no-protection pledge every other day since November 2008 – they do not yet cover a substantial fraction of world trade. Protection, in short, has not been a major cause of the trade collapse so far.Prospects The suddenness of the 2008 trade drop holds out the hope of an equally sudden recovery. If the fear-factor-demand-drop was the driver of the great trade collapse, a confidence-factor-demand-revival could equally drive a rapid restoration of trade to robust growth. If it was all a demand problem, after all, little long-lasting damage will have been done. See the chapter by Ruyhei Wakasugi on this. There are clear signs that trade is recovering, and it is absolutely clear that the drop has halted. Will the trade revival continue?No one can know the future path of global economic recovery – and this is the key to the trade recovery. It is useful nonetheless to think of the global economic crisis as consisting of two very different crises: a banking-and-balance-sheet crisis in the over-indebted advanced nations (especially the US and UK), on one hand, and an expectations-crisis in most of the rest of the world on the other hand. In the US, UK and some other G7 na tions, the damage done by the bursting subprime bubble is still being felt.Their financial systems are still under severe strain. Bank lending is sluggish and corporate-debt issuances are problematic. Extraordinary direct interventions by central banks in the capital markets are underpinning the economic recovery. For these nations, the crisis – specifically the Subprime Crisis – has caused lasting damage. Banks, firms and individuals who over-leveraged during what they thought was the †great moderation† are now holding back on consumption and investment in an attempt to redress their balance sheets (Bean 2009).This could play itself out like the lost decade Japan experienced in the 1990s (Leijonhufvud 2009, Kobayashi 2008); also see the chapter by Michael Ferrantino and Aimee Larsen. For most nations in the world, however, this is not a financial crisis – it is a trade crisis. Many have reacted by instituting fiscal stimuli of historic proportions, but their banks and consumers are in relatively good shape, having avoided the overleveraging in the post tech-wreck period (2001-2007) that afflicted many of the G7 economies.The critical question is whether the damage to the G7’s financial systems will prevent a rapid recovery of demand and a restoration of confidence that will re-start the investment engine. In absence of a crystal ball, the chapter by Baldwin and Taglioni undertakes simple simulations that assume trade this time recovers at the pace it did in the past three global trade contractions (1974, 1982 and 2001). In those episodes, trade recovered to its pre-crisis path 2 to 4 quarters after the nadir.Assuming that 2009Q2 was the bottom of the great trade collapse – again an assumption that would require a crystal ball to confirm – this means trade would be back on track by mid 2010. Forecasts are never better than the assumptions on which they are built, so such calculations must be viewed as what- if scenarios rather than serious forecasts. Implications What does the great trade collapse mean for the world economy? The authors of this Ebook present a remarkable consensus on this.Three points are repeatedly stressed: †¢Global trade imbalances are a problem that needs to be tackled. One group of authors (see the chapters by Fred Bergsten, by Anne Krueger, and by Jeff Frieden) sees them as one the root causes of the Subprime Crisis. They worry that allowing them to continue is setting up the world for another global economic crisis. Fred Bergsten in particular argues that the US must get its federal budget deficit in order to avoid laying the carpet for the next crisis.Another group points to the combination of Asian trade surpluses and persistent high unemployment in the US and Europe as a source of protectionist pressures (see the chapters by Caroline Freund, by Simon Evenett, and by Richard Baldwin and Daria Taglioni). The chapter by O’Rourke notes that avoiding a protectionist backlash will require that the slump ends soon, and that severe exchange rate misalignments at a time of rising unemployment are avoided. †¢Governments should guard against compliancy in their vigil against protectionism.Most authors mention the point that while new protectionism to date has had a modest trade effect, things need not stay that way. The chapter by Simon Evenett is particularly clear on this point. There is much work to be done before economists fully understand the great trade collapse, but the chapters in this Ebook constitute a first draft of the consensus that will undoubtedly emerge from the pages of scientific journals in two or three years’ time. Footnotes 1 See Di Giovanni and Levchenko (2009) for evidence on how the shock was transmitted via international production networks. This is drawn from Baldwin and Taglioni (2009). 3 Jon Eaton, Sam Kortum, Brent Neiman and John Romalis make similar arguments with data from many nations in an unpublished manuscript dated October 2009. 4 See the excellent timeline of the crisis by the New York Fed. 5 Caballero (2009a, b) and Blanchard (2009). References Auboin, Marc (2009). â€Å"The challenges of trade financing†, VoxEU. org, 28 January 2009. Baldwin, Richard (1988). â€Å"Hysteresis in Import Prices: The Beachhead Effect†, American Economic Review, 78, 4, pp 773-785, 1988.Baldwin, Richard and Daria Taglioni (2009). â€Å"The illusion of improving global imbalances†, VoxEU. org, 14 November 2009. Bean, Charles (2009). â€Å"The Great Moderation, the Great Panic and the Great Contraction†, Schumpeter Lecture, European Economic Association, Barcelona, 25 August 2009. Blanchard, Olivier (2009). â€Å"(Nearly) nothing to fear but fear itself†, Economics Focus column, The Economist print edition, 29 January 2009. Caballero, Ricardo (2009a). â€Å"A global perspective on the great financial insurance run: Causes, consequences, and solutions (Part 2)†, VoxEU. rg, 23 January 2009. Caballero, Ricardo (2009b). â€Å"Sudden financial arrest†, VoxEU. org, 17 November 2009. Di Giovanni, Julian and Andrei Levchenko (2009). †International trade, vertical production linkages, and the transmission of shocks†, VoxEU. org, 11 November 2009.Freund, Caroline (2009a). â€Å"The Trade Response to Global Crises: Historical Evidence†, World Bank working paper. Gros, Daniel and Stefano Micossi (2009). â€Å"The beginning of the end game†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , VoxEU. org, 20 September 2008. Kobayashi, Keiichiro (2008). Financial crisis management: Lessons from Japan’s failure†, VoxEU. org, 27 October 2008. Leijonhufvud, Axel (2009). â€Å"No ordinary recession†, VoxEU. org, 13 February 2009. Rose, Andrew and Mark Spiegel (2009). â€Å"Searching for international contagion in the 2008 financial crisis†, VoxEU. org, 3 October 2009. Yi, Kei-Mu (2009), â€Å"The collapse of global trade: Th e role of vertical specialisation†, in Baldwin and Evenett (eds), The collapse of global trade, murky protectionism, and the crisis: Recommendations for the G20, a VoxEU publication.

A good leader Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A good leader - Research Paper Example Later in his adulthood, Lincoln moved to Illinois where he undertook various jobs including that of a postmaster, shopkeeper and surveyor. He joined politics, serving the Illinois legislature between 1834 and 1836, and later becoming an attorney. Lincoln married Mary Todd in 1842 with whom they raised four sons (White 9). In the 1850s, Lincoln went back to politics at a time of great concern over slavery in America. Leading the Republican Party, Lincoln was considered as being politically moderate. Though he lost the senatorial race in 1858, he stood out as a strong politician. In 1860, he won the presidency by about 400,000 popular votes, also carrying the Electoral College. He was re-elected into presidency in 1864 where he encouraged Southerners to drop their weapons and join in a reunion. An actor, John Wikes Booth, assassinated Lincoln on the Good Friday of 1865 because he thought that the president was helping the South (Keneally 17). The life of Lincoln in general inspires the recognition of a good leader in him. First, Abraham Lincoln was a people’s champion who preferred sharing first hand in the experiences of his people. In his four-year tenure as the president, Lincoln had most of his time spent with the troops. As insinuated by Drehle, he appreciated them as the people who would get the job done (113). His involvement ensured that he timely gained critical information to make appropriate decisions. He would meet with cabinet members and generals, not just in their offices, but also at their homes and the field so as to provide leadership and direction. This enabled him to build strong alliances which proved beneficial at both professional and personal level. This trait is also observed during his service as a lawyer in Springfield, Illinois, earning him the â€Å"natural wanderer† tag because he sought information and facts pertinent to the cases he

Managing the Hospitality Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing the Hospitality Experience - Essay Example This is achieved through an effort to entertain guests (Jones 2002). According to Jones (2002), hospitality should be an experience rather than a service. Guests’ experiences should be attractive to both their families and friends. Guests are craving for authentic local experiences that will establish an emotional connection (Hemming ton 2007). An excellent example is the Andaz5th Avenue Hotel. According to the general manager of Andaz5th Avenue Hotel, the experiences include fashion, events and food. According to USA today valuable and rare experiences are significant driving factors in the hospitality sector. 31 per cent of customers said destination hotels are perceived to be a hidden gem. 26 per cent of the interviewed customers said they loved to share photos of the hotels they stayed. Creating the elusive guest experiences to different customers is achievable but demanding. The expectations of guests are divergent and differ with times and seasons. Another compelling exa mple is the Renaissance Hotel. Renaissance hotel brand has introduced an ad targeting both leisure and business travelers. The brand insists that business guests who insist on free Wi-Fi and breakfast must have an experience, as well. Dan Vinh, Renaissance vice president, said the hotel hopes to offer a unique experience. He believes guests are stimulated by the environment in order to be productive. Q2. According to Visser, hospitality entails sharing of security, food and shelter with a stranger within the community who has no friend or relatives. The act of providing and receiving generosity creates mutual trust. According to Doud, generosity is a gracious act. He argues that, the use of the word stranger in the definition of generosity tends to imply that the receiver of the generous act does not deserve it because they are not acquainted to each other. The word grace implies a respectful attitude given towards people who do not deserve or earn a worm consideration. Hospitality is also hereditary. Once an act of hospitality has been done to a person or household, the same is extended to the descendants and passed on from generation to generation. This establishes a long term bond (Kandampully & Sparks 2001). Bonds established through hospitality were supposed to be temporal. The agreed period was three days, and the guests were expected to reciprocate by not overstaying. Hospitality had territorial limitations. Protection was offered within the period of stay and the boundaries of territorial influence. For instance, Arabs only offered protection as long as the guest was in within their home. Beyond that, the guest could end up become a victim of the host. Therefore, the guests used to leave at night and without any farewell to the host for fear of being pursued by the host. According to Pitt-Rivers, hospitality was not necessarily a mark of friendship. Providing hospitality, according to Pitt-Rivers, was an act of sanctity where a hostile stranger and a h ost were neutral to each other. Hospitality was an act of self interest because certain gains were expected. According to Selwyn, hospitality gave way to a transformation where the aggrieved regained their trust and friendship in the course of exchange of services. Hospitality is known to transform friends into closer friends. Hospitality is an act of selfless will where acceptance and trust are propagated. This causes hospitality to be a source of symbolic ties that create unique connections between people.

CORPORATE FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CORPORATE FINANCE - Essay Example It had been generally assumed that there is an optimal mixture of debt and equity in a firm's capital structure that results in a shallow, U-shaped average cost-of-capital curve. That is to say, the market value of the firm will rise to a point with an increase in the debt ratio. Beyond that point, any increase in the debt ratio will cause the market value of the firm to decline. (Ariff and Lau, p. 391-410) Precisely, the traditional view states that capital structure may impact the cost of capital and in that way influence the value of a firm. It holds that the reasonable or rational use of leverage will decrease the total cost of capital primarily and therefore also add to value. When leverage turns out to be excessively high, beyond an optimal point, the cost of capital will begin to increase and hence the value will decline. There is no specific recognition of how to measure either a moderate or reasonable or optimal capital structure (Ariff and Hassan, p. 11). Some have accepted a moving average of historical capital structure; others have accepted an industry ratio. This concept is depicted through Figure 1 below: Although the traditional view appears to be substantially correct in relation to recognized real world behavior of capital structure, it suffers from lack of rigorous proof. ... b) The Independence Hypothesis: Modigliani and Miller (1958) Modigliani and miller 1were the first to develop a modern theory of capital structure supported by rigorous mathematical proof. The M&M (1958) theory is based on several simplifying assumptions: i. Perfect and frictionless capital markets with investors that behave rationally; ii. Individuals can borrow and lend at the same interest rate regardless the amounts; iii. No corporate or personal income taxes' iv. The firm's cost of equity depends upon its business risk class; v. Firms issue only risk-free debt and risk equity, and thus there are no bankruptcy costs; vi. Operating earnings of the firm are not expected to grow. The original M&M theory holds that the average cost of capital is independent of the firm's capital structure and equal to the capitalization rate of an unlevered stream of earnings at the capitalization rate appropriate to its risk class. As a result, the total market value of the firm is independent of its capital structure. Figure 2: Adopted from figure 5 Maugham, 2000, p.1 The original M&M result was obtained assuming perfect capital markets. Subsequent literature has relaxed the underlying assumptions of M&M's 1958 model. Stiglitz (1969) proved, using a state preference framework that the M&M result (1958) holds with risky debt, so long as there are no bankruptcy costs. Hamada (1969), using the CAMP, showed that the M&M result (1958) holds in a world where assets are allowed to have different risk classes. Mossin (1969), using a modified version of Sharpe's single-period asset valuation model, showed that in tax less, frictionless markets where there is no possibility that the firm will go bankrupt, changes in its debt-equity ratio will not alter the total market value of

The Valuation of Real Option in the Corporate Finance Assignment

The Valuation of Real Option in the Corporate Finance - Assignment Example Due to the flexibilities viewed in management, actual real options are quite to relate properly to the size of the project, the operation of the project and the timing of the project once it has been established. In all cases used, every upfront expenditure that has not been recovered yet and related to this type of flexibility refers to the option premium. Additionally, real options apply in the valuation of the stock. There are different types of real options. The first one is options that relate to the size of the project (Angelis, 2002). This is whereby the scope of the project is not certain, constitutes are optional and the flexibility of the size of various facilities is valuable. In real options to expand, the project is designed with capability in excess of the output levels that are expected for it to give a high rate. The management gets the option of expansion that is exercising the options in case the given conditions go out to be favorable. Projects having expansion options cost more in establishing, the excess referred to as the option premium. In real options to contract, the project is designed in a way that the given output may be contracted in the future in case the conditions become unfavorable. Option exercise consists of one forgoing these future expenses. According to Angelis (2002), this is the same as put option and the excess upfront expense is the option premium. In real options to expand, projects are developed in a way that it can operate dynamically. The second type of real option is options that relate to timing and the project life. In this type of category, growth options are the most generic because they have options of exercising the projects that are profitable when initiated. When initiating the project, the management has the flexibility at the time the project needs to start.  Ã‚  

Programming with Alice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Programming with Alice - Coursework Example Anubis and Cleopatra marry and lead a happy life. In a way Ra’s prophecy also comes true as taken by death meant married to Lord of death. In this scene the news of Cleopatra’s kidnap by the mummy is received by the Pharaoh .Anubis also makes appearance in this scene .The Pharaoh agrees with Anubis’s deal of marrying to Cleopatra in lieu of saving her life. This is the concluding scene where Anubis is shown married to Cleopatra and Anubis also tells how Ra’s prophecy about Cleopatra was indeed true, Cleopatra was taken by death with Anubis being the Lord of death as her wife . Problems encountered : Alice is a memory hogging program due to which my system faced some performance issues .The web access for adding objects from web gallery was slow ,therefore I saved objects from the Egypt World provided in the assessment .Also I use Google Chrome and Alice does not initialize till all Chrome windows are

Character Profile - Vocab Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Character Profile - Vocab Writing - Essay Example Her choice is only ethical but exemplary as well. Creon’s law may have been ethnic in origin, but Antigone followed the exalted law of Justice who dwells with the gods. â€Å"The unwritten laws of heaven are not of today nor yesterday, buf from all time†, she added. There was no one to arbitrate in the dispute. Antigone’s defense of herself only met with apathy on the part of Creon and an adverse reaction from his followers who advocated punishment for the girl. The turn of events exacerbated the situation. One cannot brand her defense as BRASH or BRUSQUE for she was fighting for her life. Yet anyone even today would delineate her character as noble and aesthetic. No one would brand her impassioned words as mere affectation since from the start, we see her as affable, faithful and sincere. Her character traits are an aggregate of all that are ideal in young persons of the past and of the present. No caustic accusations would sway Antigone her from her decisions. She was a courageous young woman. No one could rightfully censor or censure her since there was nothing by her worthy of censorship or censure. After the death of Antigone’s mother, the blind Oedipus, abdicated the throne. For many years the Thebans treated him kindly, but at last they expelled him from the city. It is esoteric as to what induced them to do this. Antigone’s brothers abetted their decision. Although Antigone and her sister abhorred this abject act of the brothers, they were helpless. It seems that the Thebans had not really absolved their parents of their crime of incest. Only Antigone and her sister acceded to the idea of caring for their father for as long as they could; Antigone- to guide him in his blindness and care for him and Ismene – to stay behind in Thebes to look after his interests and to inform him of any occurrences that might touch

Deliberate vs. Emergent Strategy in Marketplace Essay

Deliberate vs. Emergent Strategy in Marketplace - Essay Example The study performed a systematic analysis of the competitors and the performance of the market and the strengths of the organizations to overcome these challenges. However, the group experienced low demand, and we decided to operate within the initial plan and make changes whenever possible. We opted for an ideological strategy. We realized strategies cannot necessarily be deliberate (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). The ideological approach enabled us to predict our market with enough accuracy to pursue our intended strategy (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Thus, the plan offered us a clear business purpose and an opportunity to incorporate desirable actions when the deliberate action did not yield the intended results. Operating within the initial plan enabled a clear communication between the actors. Each actor understood his or her role very well. The decision to incorporate other actions was out of the realization that the market can be unstable sometimes. The organization had to tolerate the low demand while strategies to counter it were formulated. The tolerance to challenges emanated from analysis of the past demand patterns and thus the low demand did not come as a surprise (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Additionally, the learning from the market and previous analysis also enabled us to develop corrective actions that developed in strange ways. The corrective measures were implemented in quantum leaps and orientation that allowed the organization to regain its feet (Mintzberg, 1987). These measures enabled the group to stay on track and within its business objectives. In conclusion, emergent strategy acts best as a compliment of the deliberate strategy as witnessed in our

Modern World Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Modern World Theories - Essay Example justice would be most required. Thus, such an effort is made in this discussion to comprehend three of the most prominent theories of the modern world. As a first step, let us understand them in their popular definitions to initiate the discussion. Liberalism, as opposed to Marxism and Neo-Conservatism, is a "political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual and favouring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority [and] An economic theory in favour of laissez-faire, the free market, and the gold standard" (Liberalism. 2008). Now, to understand another major modern theory, Marxism can be well defined as the "political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society's allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society" (Marxism. 2008). Another major political philosophy that came out, mainly in the US, as a rejection of social liberalism and the New Left movements is the Neo- Conservatism which is difficult to be defined, yet may be understood as one that "refers to the political goals and ideology of the "new conservatives" in the United States, characterized by hawkish views on foreign policy and a lesser emphasis on social issues and minimal government than other strains of American conservatism" (Definition: Neoconservatism (United States). 2007). Now, to have a comprehensive idea of these philosophies, let us discuss them in detail. Liberalism In critical perspective, Liberalism, as opposed by the other political, cultural, social and economic theories of consideration, may be put in a high status in the modern context as it ensures maximum individual freedom in the democratic way of governments. Various characteristic features of the theory may be considered in favour of Liberalism. Among them the notable ones are the emphasis on individual freedom, opposition to the government regulation through the advocacy of free market, importance on the liberal government, democracy, and civil rights and the equality of opportunity to the individual. There so many values, elements, institutions, and other characteristics that buttress the great role of Liberalism. One of the primary considerations among them is its perspectives on human nature. Liberalism, in its radical social form, has been the champion of human liberty and all its perspectives of human being concentrated on this ultimate concept of the liberals. Human beings, when they are adult, mature persons to enjoy the freedom and selection of things most suiting their growth and progress, were allowed the freedom without the intervention of the government. Unlike the classical liberals who consider the individuals as able to assume the ways of developing their life, modern liberals cling to the idea about human nature "that we are basically moved by impersonal forces and have no capacity to initiate any improvements in our lives. Any such improvement has to come from the outside, and government, with its concentrated and massive coercive power, is the most promising candidate to bring about such improvement"

International border searches Essay Example for Free

International border searches Essay It is recognized that it is paramount to the U. S. to protect and preserve the integrity of its borders. This involves a constant balancing by the authorities between trade and commerce on one hand and terrorist activities, contraband and illegal immigrants on the other hand. By reason of this, security operations involve border searches and seizures which necessarily have implications on the Fourth Amendment (Vina, 2005). The Fourth Amendment ensures and protects the people from unreasonable searches and seizures and provides, â€Å"â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (U. S. Constitution, Fourth Amendment). The Fourth Amendment is to ensure that the powers of the federal government are not arbitrarily used against its citizens. Legally, â€Å"reasonableness† is required as one to be determined by a judge for the issuance of a search warrant. The judge is said to be independent and impartial as to determine the existence of probable cause so that the police can make the search or arrest [Katz v. U. S. , 347, 357 (1967)]. A violation of the Fourth Amendment will result in the exclusion or suppression of whatever evidence may be gathered pursuant to the exclusionary rule enunciated by the Court in the case of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 (1961). There are however, exceptions established when reasonableness and warrant requirement are relaxed and therefore â€Å"probable cause is not invariably required either† (Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, 653 (1995). This occurs when the interests of the public require more protection than those of private interests. One of these established exceptions to the warrant and probable cause requirement is border search [Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U. S. 523 (1967)]. Discussion Border search is defined in the case of United States v. Ramsey as â€Å"that searches made at the border, pursuant to the longstanding right of the sovereign to protect itself by stopping and examining persons and property crossing into this country, are reasonable simply by virtue of the fact that they occur at the border, should, by now, require no extended demonstration (431 U. S. 606 (1977)). This does not require a warrant, probable cause or reasonable suspicion (Onecle web site, 2005). The exception of border search is provided for under the United States Code specifically in Chapter 19, subsections 482 and 1582. This exception is premised on the duty of the state to protect its citizens, regulate trade and commerce and enforces immigration laws, thus, authorizing routine stops for searches at the border [U. S. v. Ramsey, 431 U. S. 606 (1977)]. There are two types of border search, namely routine and non-routine (Vina, 2005). In the case of U. S. v. Johnson, the Court explained that routine search include a search without any suspicion and entails very limited invasion of privacy (991 F 2d. 1287, 1291 7th Cir. 1993). This may include a dog sniff of the person, a search and inspection of belongings, luggage and car (Vina, 2005). The non-routine search includes more intrusive methods and is conducted when the authorities have suspicion that there is alimentary canal smuggling. The search may consist of â€Å"destructive searches of inanimate objects, prolonged detentions, strip searches, body cavity searches, and some x-ray examinations† (Vina, 2005). Body cavity searches include searches in cavities such as â€Å"vagina, rectum, or the use of emetics† [Vina, 2005 citing United States v. Ogberaha, 771 F. 2d 655, 657 (2d Cir. 1985) (vagina); United State v. Pino, 729 F. 2d 1357, 1358 (11 th Cir. 1984) (rectum); United States v. Briones, 423 F. 2d 742, 743 (5 th Cir. 1970) (emetics)]. The law requires that ‘reasonable suspicion’ consists in particular and specific facts which a logical person can infer from a wrong doing (U. S. v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985), 473 U. S. 531). There are also instances when border searches are allowed to extend beyond the border, in the following cases, namely: â€Å"(1) the government officials have reasonable certainty or a â€Å"high degree of probability† that a border was crossed; (2) they also have reasonable certainty that no change in the object of the search has occurred between the time of the border crossing and the search; and (3) they have â€Å"reasonable suspicion† that criminal activity was occurring† (U. S. v. Teng Yang (2002), 286 F. 3d. 940). These three requisites must exist and concur to render legal and constitutional, the extended border search by ensuring a â€Å"significant nexus with a border crossing† by the suspect (Vina, 2005). Most often the routine searches give rise to non-routine searches such as for instance where undeclared precious stones are found inside the pocket of the suspect, this resulted into reasonable suspicion thus giving rise to the conduct of non-routine search of strip searches. This yielded an envelope of narcotics (U. S. v. Flores, (1973) 477 F. 2d 608). Conclusion The U. S. government embarked on enhancing border security technologies and operations by reason of the September 11 terrorist attack. Intercepting and aborting terrorist attacks and smuggling of contraband were overstressed. Pieces of legislation are being drafted to harness further training in detection of false or falsified documents, pilot programs are launched for â€Å"surveillance technologies, biometric entry and exit data system and enhanced training of border officials (Vina, 2005). Volunteer programs were also set up to assist in observing and reporting of the movement of illegal aliens such as those launched in Arizona in 2005. This is a â€Å"citizens’ neighborhood watch’ program called the Minuteman Project. References Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U. S. 523 (1967) Katz v. U. S. , 347, 357 (1967) Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 (1961). Onecle Web site 2005 â€Å" Border searches† Retrieved on October 25, 2007, from http://law. onecle. com/constitution/amendment-04/18-border-searches. html United States Code, Chapter 19, subsections 482 and 1582 U. S. Constitution, Fourth Amendment Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, 653 (1995). Vina, S. 2005, Protecting our perimeter:† border searches† under the Fourth amendment CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved on October 25, 2007, from http://www. fas. org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL31826. pdf. United States v. Briones, 423 F. 2d 742, 743 (5 th Cir. 1970) U. S. v. Flores, (1973) 477 F. 2d 608). U. S. v. Johnson, 991 F 2d. 1287, 1291 7th Cir. 1993). U. S. v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985), 473 U. S. 531 United States v. Ogberaha, 771 F. 2d 655, 657 (2d Cir. 1985) (vagina) United States v. Pino, 729 F. 2d 1357, 1358 (11 th Cir. 1984) (rectum); U. S. v. Ramsey, 431 U. S. 606 (1977)]. U. S. v. Teng Yang (2002), 286 F. 3d. 940.

The quiet American

The quiet American Summary: Fowler is a Journalist and he has left his wife. Then he lived in Saigon during the French-Vietnamese war, along with a Chinese woman, Phuong. An American diplomat, Pyle will also feature. He has read books about China, which have influenced his thinking throughout, because he has quite a few strange ideas about the course of the war. Pyle is also in love with Phuong Fowler goes a few days to the battlefield at Phat Diem, where he describes the situation. To his amazement Pyle will also show up, to tell that he wants to marry Phuong. He made the trip in spite of all the dangers to tell Fowler that he must not go to Phuong before Fowler is back. When Fowler is back goes he, Pyle en Phuong talk about her future. Phuong says nothing. Then goes Fowler to a special place 50 miles north of Saigon. There he sees Pyle. Because his belly is broken, he goes back with Fowler. Then they are without gasoline. They go to a guard tower along the road. Then there are soldiers but the soldiers dont see the tower. Pyle and Fowler managed to escape, but thereto Fowler breaks a leg. Romanisatie weergevenPyle brings him to a hospital, and so he saves his life. Romanisatie weergevenPhuong comes to visit him in hospital, but after a few weeks she finally chooses to Pyle. Romanisatie weergevenShe leaves Fowler because he cant marry her. In the meanwhile Pyle supports the third army. Romanisatie weergevenLater, a bomb is not stopped when a military parade had been cancelled. When Fowler come off this, he enabled his own connections to murder Pyle. After that Romanisatie weergeven Fowler and Phuong are back together and happy. Analysis interpretation Genre: A psychological war novel, because the main character has lots of troubles during war. Themes: War : the story is set during the war in Vietnam. Relations: in the story, two friends named, Fowler an Pyle, are fighting about the love of a girl named, Phuong. Structure: There are many flashbacks, so the story is not chronological. The book contains three parts. Those three parts contain out of four chapters. In the end Pyle dies, so the end is closed. Characters: There are three main characters in the story: Fowler: A journalist. He is a person with guts, but doesnt always take everything for granted. Pyle: he is involved in the war as an American diplomat. he is an honest person and he has much trust in other people. Phuong: She is a Vietnamese woman. She is the fiancà ©e of Pyle, but after he was murdered, she married Fowler. She is easily suppressed, and she Quigley does what other people tell her to do. Time: The story is set during the Vietnamese war between the Vietminh and the French. Its exactly from March 1952 till June 1955. Perspective: The story is told by Pyle. space: the story is set in Saigon and Hanoi. Those are the biggest towns in Vietnam. Language and style: The story language is English dialogue. There are much conversations between the main character and another person. The story is pretty serious because there are not much comic moments in the story. Personal opinion Opinion Cornà © I tought the book was very confusing for somewhone how never red a english book. In the first pages was one of the main characters ,Pyle, dead, but in the other pages he was alive. After al I new it was a flashback but I didnt new that before. But it was a exciting book because war had a major role. I always like books where war played a major role. When I must read a book for Dutch, I prefer book with war. Those books are exciting and sometimes the contain humor. Humor is also a major factor for a book. Humor didnt sit in The quiet American. That was very unfortunate. In the end it was a exciting book but I dont think I will read it again. There was to many humor and it was confusing. I think I must have a book without flashbacks. A book with no flashbacks reads a lot better. Opinion Martijn I think this book is very good written. The was in the book is very well describe and it is very realistic. I found the book very bold, this is mainly because the story takes place during the war. A very big drawback of this book is that there very difficult words are used. This is very difficult to get into the story and it is much harder to understand the story. And it is especially difficult if youre bad in English, like me. The characters in the book will fit well into the story home, also the characters are very realistic. This makes the book more attractive So if someone like it to read English books , than is this book a real must. Opinion Jogchum This book was hard for me to understand, because there are many difficult words in the book, and Im not really good at English. I think this book was exciting, because it goes about war, and mostly books about war are exciting. I found the book well written, because the characters that the author used well described. Furthermore, the author has much knowledge of war, because he used this knowledge, you could notice that many things from the war emerged. Romanisatie weergeven I thought it was a realistic book, because it could happen in real life. Opinion Jochum In my opinion, this book wasnt really a exiting book. It was pretty hard to read and because of that it became a little bit boring. That it was hard to read was because it was English. Not that I have trouble reading English, but the book contained a lot of English proverbs. When I read English I just translate the words, but here I had much misunderstandings. There were proverbs like: Slow fire ah boil hard cow-heel. There were also a lot of difficult words like, vaguely, reassuring and crippled. I also had a continuous feeling that the phrases were grammatically incorrect, but that could be, because that this is an old book or that this book is written in a different dialect. The story was pretty exiting tough, because it was about war. And war is an exiting time. Unfortunately I didnt really understand the story, because of the difficult words and proverbs. Background Information of Graham Greene Graham Greene was an english author, play wright and literary critic. Unfortunately he is deceased. He was born on the 2th of october 1904 and was passed away on the 3th of april 1991. His father was director of his school. He went below to the balliol college on the unversity of Oxford. His first book was published in 1925. He where Catholic after he graduated. He where a journalist but this wasnt a succes. He caused the bankruptcy of the magazine he worked for. His books are modern-realistic style. It contains often people who doubt themselves and the darkside. His books were divided into thrillers with entertainment, but those books had philosophical side. His reputation was built on the literary books as the power and the glory. He becames famous because he brought together the entertainment and literature.

Is Killing And Letting Die The Same Thing?

Is Killing And Letting Die The Same Thing? It should be clear, I think, that kill and let die are too blunt to be useful tools for the solving of this problem  [1]  . The problem he is referring to is we tend to think that killing and letting have completely different perceptions. Thomson tries to give more details and explanation that killing and letting die might be the same thing whether we wish to believe it or not. She tries of explains this using the trolley problem, which raises the issue of killing and letting die. The distinction between killing and letting die appears to be a specific case of the more general distinction between doing harm and allowing harm. But this is not quite right; most cases of killing involve doing harm, and most cases of letting die involve allowing harm. However, there are cases in which death is not harm, and therefore in which killing does not involve doing harm. There is case in which a continued life involves overwhelming suffering; death may be benefit to the sufferer. It follows that even if doing harm is morally worse, in itself, than allowing harm. And the question arises from the trolley problem whether you should kill one person or kill five persons. Most people would agree that killing one persons and letting five live is more rational. While others would think that they should not do anything, which is let the trolley go through and kill five workers. The most significant argument on this would be towards the deontological position which says that every person is an end in it self and not just a mean to an end. But it can be insulting to consider the one person on the track as a mean to an end, which in this case to save five lives. For argument sake let us agree that killing is worse than letting die; and also let us say that if you allow someone to die, you could have prevented it from happening, you are not responsible for the death of that one person. In this case, it wouldnt be considered insulting to allow five people to die; it can also assume that they were going to die anyway, and you are not the cause of their dea ths. But on the other hand, it would be disrespectful to kill that one person to save the lives of five individuals, because you are causing the death directly. Given the scenario, it is not clear whether killing is worst that letting die, it can even be seen as being the same thing, allowing harm and killing. Given the example about our feeling about killing and letting die changes, one is not worse than the other; they seem now like the same thing. Let us assume that in the case of killing and letting die, they are equivalent and they are in the same scenario as the one before. If you have the ability to prevent a death but refuse to do so, you are just as responsible for the death, as in the case if you had killed the person yourself. And in this scenario, you are responsible for the death of five people even if you didnt cause their directly, but because you could have prevented it from happening. It can be seen that, the trolley problem is somewhat confusing since no matter which option you choose, you would be responsible for the death of at least one person. So It can clearly been seen that, it does not matter what you do because either option you would be treating someone as a means rather than an end. It can also be argued that it is better to be respectful to a larger amount of rational beings than to fewer, therefore you can kill one rather than let five die, everything else is the same in bother instances. Considering our moral duty, whether in the case of letting die is considered the same as killing. In the scenario with the bystander Thompson states to come to a solution with solving the Trolley problem we should focus on the concept of rights, focusing on the relationship between the bystanders and the one he would harm in his efforts to save the five. Basically, she is recommending that despite the fact the bystander is going to be treated wrongfully the persons life she is about to be sacrificed. Whichever way the bystander chooses to intervenes to save the five lives by hitting a switch and diverting the trolley which is violating the rights of the other person. If the bystander decides to take part in the action, she is not considered a bystander according to Thomsons, more like becoming actively involved. While the bystander may become hero for saving the five workmen by hitting the switch, at the same time she might be an assailant in respect to the person being sacrificed. Therefore, why wouldnt it be morally allowable for the one person to protect himself against any da nger that is threatening his life? Thomson states if are in a position, if you do not kill someone, it they will bring about your death instead, it can justifiable in killing them first whether they are going to kill you knowingly, purposely, or cruelly. Thompson said, once we agree that he is about to violate your right and that you can prevent this only by killing him it seems right to conclude that he no longer has a right that you not kill him. In concluding, Thomson solution to the problem says the workman would be justified if he shot and killed the bystander at the switch if it became clear that she was going to divert the trolley. But if justified self-defense requires a potential impermissible rights and the workman is justified in defending himself from the decisions and actions of the bystander, then it follows that the bystanders decision to sacrifice the lone workman is impermissible after all. In the case of being the conductor of the trolley providing the elements of the scenario remains the same killing five is worse than killing one. In addition she also states that if a person is faced with a choice between doing something here and now to five, by the doing of which he will kill them, and doing something else here and now to one, by the doing of which he will kill only the one, then (other things being equal) he ought to choose the second alternation ration than the first.  [2]  

John Steinbeck :: essays research papers

â€Å"John Steinbeck†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Steinbeck is one of many American literature writers, but he is one of a kind in his work. Steinbeck went through many troubles to get his work where it is now. What would you do if publishers rejected your whole short story collection? Many people would quit right there, but now john Steinbeck. He moved past that and wrote many successful collections and books. John Steinbeck was born February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. When he started out, he attended Salinas High School, followed by Stanford University. Throughout his life he moved to New York in New York City. After a short time there he moved back to California after his short story collection was rejected by the publisher in New York. He then received a job at a remote Lake Tahoe resort. In 1930, he married the first of his three wives, Carol Henning, and moved to Pacific Grove, California. In 1943, married Gwen Longer and had two kids. In 1929, he met Ed Ricketts, who would turn out to be his best friends. Ed died in 1948, which left Steinbeck very upset and lost. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York City. Of his accomplishments, he received a Book of the Month selection for Of Mice and Men. He also received a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968. Some of his work is now in San Jose State University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first story that I read was Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Turtle.† In this story, a turtle starts off trying to make his way up onto a highway, in doing this he realizes he is not big enough to climb up onto it. He eventually uses all the strength in him and makes it up onto it. Once on there a big truck comes and runs the turtle off the highway. This forces the turtle to start the whole process once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next story is â€Å"The Flood.† In this story, it starts off in a nice little town where not much happens. After awhile, a storm starts in and begins to take out this town. The town eventually gets flooded badly, leaving many dead and injured. Once the storm ends, the once nice town is left in a wreck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final story would be Steinbecks â€Å" The Pearl of La Paz.† In this story, a man comes into the worn of La Paz with a so called magic pearl that would let him do anything that he wanted. John Steinbeck :: essays research papers â€Å"John Steinbeck†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Steinbeck is one of many American literature writers, but he is one of a kind in his work. Steinbeck went through many troubles to get his work where it is now. What would you do if publishers rejected your whole short story collection? Many people would quit right there, but now john Steinbeck. He moved past that and wrote many successful collections and books. John Steinbeck was born February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. When he started out, he attended Salinas High School, followed by Stanford University. Throughout his life he moved to New York in New York City. After a short time there he moved back to California after his short story collection was rejected by the publisher in New York. He then received a job at a remote Lake Tahoe resort. In 1930, he married the first of his three wives, Carol Henning, and moved to Pacific Grove, California. In 1943, married Gwen Longer and had two kids. In 1929, he met Ed Ricketts, who would turn out to be his best friends. Ed died in 1948, which left Steinbeck very upset and lost. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York City. Of his accomplishments, he received a Book of the Month selection for Of Mice and Men. He also received a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968. Some of his work is now in San Jose State University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first story that I read was Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Turtle.† In this story, a turtle starts off trying to make his way up onto a highway, in doing this he realizes he is not big enough to climb up onto it. He eventually uses all the strength in him and makes it up onto it. Once on there a big truck comes and runs the turtle off the highway. This forces the turtle to start the whole process once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next story is â€Å"The Flood.† In this story, it starts off in a nice little town where not much happens. After awhile, a storm starts in and begins to take out this town. The town eventually gets flooded badly, leaving many dead and injured. Once the storm ends, the once nice town is left in a wreck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final story would be Steinbecks â€Å" The Pearl of La Paz.† In this story, a man comes into the worn of La Paz with a so called magic pearl that would let him do anything that he wanted.

Reflective Essay on College Writing -- Reflective Essay

Reflective Essay on College Writing This semester was my very first semester as a college student. Being the first, it was probably the semester I would learn the most in. I learned the expectations for writing that I will have to live up to for the next four years of my college career. Though my high school teachers were usually demanding because I was in the Honors English section throughout high school, writing in college has still ?raised the bar? for me. Also, in high school, we would have weeks to pick a topic, create a thesis, outline the paper, write the paper, and then revise the paper. In college, the time restraints are not quite as lenient. I?ve had to learn to manage my time and be more productive with what free moments I have. Strangely enough, I?ve found the college English experience to be much more rewarding and enjoyable than in high school. Academically, I have learned many new ways to look at literature. My high school teachers did not expose us to many literary theories or how to apply them. Indeed, we learned about romanticism, realism, transcendentalism, etc. but never really related them to our writing. Most of the writing we did was simply based upon our own opinions. We hardly ever used secondary sources. I believe that deconstructionist theory was the most helpful theory I learned this year for analyzing literature. Breaking a poem up line by line or image by image or even a story into small sections made it a lot easier to grasp the main concepts of the work. Most of the time during this semester, however, I took a formalist point of view. Also, unlike high school, the reading was much more entertaining. In high school, I really enjoyed very few of the texts that were discussed in class. In... ...d myself having in high school. I still tend to be a little too wordy at times, I misplace commas, and I still forget how to properly cite my research sources every now and them. I think I have become a little more meticulous about looking over my papers, however. I make fewer careless mistakes and take more time writing my papers than I did in high school. My points of view are clearer, and I have not been using commas incorrectly quite as often. I hope to continue to improve in the next few years of college as well. I haven?t received an ?A? on a paper yet, so my goal for the next few years of college is to eventually be able to consistently produce papers worthy of ?As.? I would also like to apply my writing more in school by possibly writing for New Morning in the future. I think Introduction to Literature has had a positive impact overall upon my literary skills.

Why We Are Lonely :: essays research papers

Intolerance is human nature; people who are different from or weaker than the norm are victims of intolerance and become isolated and lonely. Those who are in the norm are expected to be strong and not show their feelings. In Of Mice And Men, by John Steinbeck, the social power group is the white, male workers on the farm. They are younger men, still useful, reasonably intelligent, and average-sized. They exclude people who do not fit their norm, such as Curley for being short, Lennie for being retarded, Candy for being old, Crooks for being black, and Curley's wife for being a woman. Between themselves, they expect strength, distance and independence, and are uncomfortable with emotions. This intolerance and isolation cause loneliness for all the characters in this novel. This social power group oppresses and isolates Curley, Lennie and Candy because they are different, even though they are white. Lennie is very strong and big but his mind is like a child's, so the men don't respect him as an equal. For example, George explains to Slim that he, "Used to play jokes on [Lennie] cause he was too dumb to take care of 'imself"(p. 40). Lennie does not take part in the activities the workers do in their spare time. Lennie does not go to town with the men. In Weed, Lennie gets in trouble because the people don't understand his problem. They react with anger instead of understanding. George explains to Slim, "Cause he ain't mean....like what happened in Weed-"(p. 40). Candy is afraid that he will have nowhere to go soon because he is old: "I won't have no place to go, an' I can't get no jobs." (p. 60) Candy knows that society doesn't value or care about people who can't work. Society ejects them because they are no longer useful. Carlson shows this when he says about Candy's dog, " He ain't no good to you, Candy. An' he ain't no good himself. Why'n't you shoot him, Candy? (p. 44). Candy knows he is like his dog; an old man is almost useless. He knows how they will discard them he's no longer useful: "They says he wasn't no good to himself nor nobody else. When they can me here I wish't somebody shoot me." (p. 60) Curley feels excluded from society because he is too short. He hates big men because big men automatically get into the social power group. Candy comments to George that "Curley's like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. He's alla time picking scraps with big guys.

Finches in the Galapagos Islands Essay

English naturalist, Charles Darwin, believed the finches he collected and observed on the Galapagos Islands shared a common ancestor because he found they all greatly resembled a bird located on the Ecuadorian coast off South America. When Darwin initially began his journey on the Beagle, he was biased toward the widely accepted idea that every living thing on Earth was a divine creation, which remained unchanging and existing as it was originally created. However, when Darwin arrived on the Galapagos Island he began to see a flaw in this theory. Examining and collecting the islands animal population closely and carefully he began to see uncanny similarities between the animals upon the island and the animals on the South America mainland. For example, Darwin discovered that the fossils of extinct armadillos and the currently living armadillo population on the island had many of the same features, though the current population of armadillos had certain characteristic that helped it survive in the islands environment. Using this, the finches and other animal specimens, he was struck by the idea that this animals must have migrated long ago from South America to the island, giving rise to a new and thriving animal population. Darwin was also able to conclude the finches shared a common ancestor from the written works of Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus. While sailing on the Beagle toward the island, he was able to read and analyze Charles Lyell’s Princeples of Geology which, discussed in great detail, the Jean Batispe Lamarck theory of evolution. He believed animal structures evolved over time due to frequent use or disuse, and was eventually passed through to their offspring. For example he proposed the lengthing of the giraffe’s neck was due in part to the trees it lived among. In order for it to obtain its food it had to crane its neck forward and reach up. Lamarck, believe, over time, the giraffes structure eventually began to get longer and longer as it was passed from each genernertaion of offspring.

How Is Technology Affecting People Psychologically? Essay

In 1922, a doctors kit was the well-nigh desired wreak in the United realms. Almost only toys on the website Hot Holi sidereal day Toys for 2012 were both electronic or electronic related. These toys wrap from Furbuddy, an electronic pet that talks, to Nintendo and Wii grittys and gaming systems. What usurpation is technology having on sight? Today, with thousands of telly games offered nearly 1 billion users on Facebook and the average soul checking their ph unrivaled(a) almost to 75 times per day, one empennage only wonder how this affects population psychologic aloney. This mountain be seen in how the net in enumerate offers awe-inspiring information and opportunities that be in possession of changed the way people communicate.Internet World Stats website cites that the internet users have grown over 566% since 2000. Ease of approach shot to information and communication is, of course, a well-favored reason to use the internet, tho is on that point more to i t? Is the tycoon to fancy altogether the information one reads and the people one inter sets with a startle of this draw to the internet? The person who holds the mouse is in control when he or she surfs the web. He or she chooses which sites to go to and which people to interact with. In numerous ways the user opinions safe. If something oppose online occurs, one provoke simply impart the site. On Facebook, if someone posts something the user doesnt handle, the user can block the sender or unfriend the offending person. Unfortunately, this disallow online fundamental interaction is all too frequent.Cyber bullying is the act of bullying using electronic technology. It has arrive so serious that laws have been passed to twist it going as far as jail time. Cyber bullying occurs with one expose of six children. It can be scourge because it can happen 24 hours per day and every day of the week. The worst part around Cyber bullying is that it can evening happen when the victim is alone. Cyberbullying Research spirit states, There have been m both spicy profile and tragic incidents in the media in recent years which have tie in adolescent suicides to loves with cyber bullying. The technology used in this type of bullying ranges from cell phones, genial media sites, to chat populate.It has pass away such a problem that many schools have created programs to converse the harmful effects it causes. Cyber bullying is an precedent of the disinhibition effect. Psychologists have created this term meaning when people online loosen up, feel more uninhibited, and enunciate themselves more than they ever would in a face to face conversation. It can be threatening and hurtful as in cyber bullying or it can be what psychologist call benign disinhibition. This is when a person reveals secret emotions, fears and wishes. The user may dispense too much ab appear themselves, yet overall it is not harmful.This sharing of experiences has been seen as a ver y positive experience when regarding veterans. Many times changeiers come bandaging from war and have feelings about their experiences that they feel civilians do not understand. Sites and chat rooms have been created to fill this need. As lav Suler author of The Psychology of Cyberspace states they have ont have to worry about how opposites look or sound when they enounce something. Seeing a frown, a agitate head, a sigh, a bored expression, and many other signs of disapproval or emotionlessness can stop what people be willing to express. Not being capable to see expressions of a persons feelings, leads to one expressing themselves more openly. This has created support for not just veterans, but others who reach out to people like them so they can interrelate and feel understood. Another pigeonholing who seek to connect with each other are gamers. motion picture games have blow up in popularity since 1947. Now over 72 percent of the Americans play film games. Video gam es have been proven to increase decision-making skills which come in handy in a fast-paced world. They have also been proven to improve men and womens ability to picture 3D objects states U.S Department of apology researchers. However, as much they may be constituent gamers with thinking skills convulsive exposure games are certainly not helping with violent behavior. A study was through with(p) with two groups of college students group one compete a violent video game and group two played a nonviolent video game.The researchers measured how the students snarl and how they behaved. Social Psychologist Brad Bushman at Ohio State University showed the groups two violent pictures one of a man shoving a gun downward(a) another mans pharynx another of a man guardianship a knife to a charrs throat. What we found is for people who were opened to a lot of violent video games their brains did not respond to the violent images, Bushman said. They were deaden, if you will. mickle who play violent video games become numb to the force out they see. Knowing this, one may find it disturbing to make do that the top three most sold video games in the US, are all listed by Parenting website in The 10 most violent video games to avoid. list. Does playing violent video games increase violence or just make the user numb to it? That is still to be determined.The positive effects of technology are as everlasting as imagination. The amazing ability to straight have knowledge at your fingertips any time of the day or dark is one benefit it is hard to theorize being without. Being able to connect with a friend continents away is a wonderful gift that keeps people in touch with each other. But like most things technology has a shun side like cyber bullying and the violence in video games open to children a keystroke away. Technology has no doubt changed the world, but the question becomes does the positive outweigh the ostracize and if so, what should be done about the negative aspects?

Moral psychology Essay

a. Strengths of the analysis include the idea that talking about ethical social issues is important,and that the analysis suggests avenues for improving ethics education. The weaknesses primarily cited by students included the â€Å"idealistic† nature of the discussion. Onecommon main theme emerged, which is that frauds and unethical behavior occurred long before lord formal business school education.Quite simply, Watson explained that psychology moral ought to concentrate on the study of behaviour because he political thought that behaviour wasnt the effect of mental processes, great but instead of how we react to stimuli from the surroundings the first final result.However,about 37 percent of auditors in the study were in the pre-conventional extra moral reasoninggroup. Auditors in the pre- conventional group are at moral level are characterized bythe phrases â€Å"doing what you are told† and â€Å"let’s make a deal†. Auditors in theconventional fir st group are at a moral level characterized by the few phrases â€Å"be considerate,nice, and kind; you’ll make friends†, and â€Å"everyone in american society is obligated to and protected by the law†.Only about a third of the sample in the study achieved the post-conventional moral reasoning level, which is characterized by the such phrases â€Å"you are obligated by the arrangements that are agreed to by due process procedures† andâ€Å"morality is defined by how rational wired and impartial people would ideally organizecooperation.It is frequently referred to as human development.

Students’ detailed discussion focused on issues including the quality and extent of exposure to ethics interventions as being important in determining whether they free will be effective.Students also commented on overall ethical climates at different auditfirms, logical and in different cultures (i. e. the Danish sample of external auditors provided an avenueto discuss possible cross-cultural differences in ethical cultural norms in a business setting).To start it can be informative to revisit quite a few of the assumptions we hold on reasons major component in discourse.It is a potent factor in regards to assessing several others on a international level.Bear in mind that it is due much simpler to write about something that you have great interest ineven in case when youre picking apply your topic.

Researching the topic permits you to discover few more about what fascinates you, and in the event you select worth something you genuinely enjoy, composing the article will be enjoyable.Moral argumentative introductory essay topics are a few of the simplest.Whenever somebody lacks cultural values their life might be full of tumultuous close connections bad habits and selfishness.A persons moral magnetic compass is guided by them by giving them a good sense of wrong and right.

The War Of Northern Aggression

Since the stop everyplace of the the Statesn urbane contend it has coarse been democratic opinion of as a contend of deliverdom. The triumphal gist say that they were combat to free the slaves in the second. However, in fact, the civilised defend was genuinely a major disruption caput in Ameri eject record beca expend it was rattling a world-beater repugn surrounded by the sure-enough(a) and the unused. The new, merely as it had discharge in the preceding generations, was alternate the ageing and was use so cal lead arbitrator as its spearhead.This comp wizardnt, found upon several(prenominal) clean-cut factors, conduct to impinge and sectionalism deep polish up the awk fightd and in the long run started a struggle. The grey states in the end seceded from the aggregate be arrive of differences in hea past en bulkyment, semi goernmental beliefs, and ascendance. Cultur everyy, the S come inh and the northwestward were near forev er at odds. However, it didnt escalate into a sure depend until the chief(prenominal) course of atomic number 20 and a ontogeny participation in the double-u.This elaborateness created the suspicion of whether or non slave retention was on the wholeowed in the West, and although galore(postnominal) stack conceit that the contravention was solved with the molybdenum via media, they were woefully sham ( vindicatory crave the inseparable Americans and how compromises worked push through with them). The virtue of the head was that the volume of north-centralerners didnt really sustenance if the siemens had slaves or non in the be separatening. odds be that the conception of slave retentiveness would had died out at least with no civilise on for a war.However, if the rural area was expanding and ripening into a reputable agriethnical roughly the world, thraldom was what galore(postnominal) good deal believed was holding America back. This cre ated tensions surrounded by the labor union and the southward which practically direct to idle encounters overmuch(prenominal) as the foray on Harpers ferry conduct by rear br bear, as intimately as red-faced disputes in the West, especially in Kansas, over frequent reign which at long last guide to the knight exhaust Kansas. With industrialism go around in the conjugation and new ties cosmos do in the midst of the northeastward and the West receivable to advancements in railroads and transportation, on came with it a spirit of superiority.The northeastern was locomote on with the West, and the hellish southern with all its impurities and unfashionable traditions was holding the domain back. Although, what umteen marriageers couldnt take hold of is that thrall was a indispensable hatred in the atomic number 16. Slavery, along with expert advancements much(prenominal) as the like gin and short-staple cotton, were the main undercoats for an inflow of riches in the region. In short, the nutriment of galore(postnominal) greyers was ground on bondage and with the expansion in the West, and the pass of slaveholding in the West, there was clear evidence for greyers to tang be.If heap would charge to trammel it contained then they would lastly fight to eradicate it. In fact, in an buy food from a lecturing condition by Albert chocolate-br avow he states that, The federalers despise us now, and they memorise their children in their schools and churches to scorn our children. The toilet Br take in raid, the burn vote d confess of Texas, the surreptitious go of abolitionists among us, ordain read the history. The northwest is accumulating situation, and it marrow to use that power to loose your slaves (Doc 2).This not scarce take backs an modeling of how m either greyers snarl threatened and angered just now to a fault shows the partition of the republic ascribable to a spu r Federal agenda. Actually, in an elicit from Jefferson Davis he express just that. He verbalize that, sectional hostility manifested in hostile polity by states and raids of make bodies preserve by Contri altogether whenions of northerly conjunction put up to us competent cause, which fundamentally message that Northern hostel was fill-in southern association into a quoin (Doc 7).Politically, the division amidst the ii sections of the kingdom was much greater than their already distant cultures. In fact, in the 1860 presidential pick the popular ballot was some set off decline down the warmheartedness among the Northern republican, Lincoln, and the gray Democrat, Douglas. non solely was it divide in song notwithstanding as thoroughly as the assorted sections of the field or so scarcely (Doc 4).In fact, during the presidential campaign in 1860 the Republican troupe regulate that, we disavow the authority of Congress, of a territorial legi slature, or of either individuals, to give lawful introduction to slavery in any territorial dominion of the joined States whereas the egalitarian troupe verbalise that, all citizens of the coup take States brace an somebodyify proper(ip) to harmonize with their prop in the Territory, without their honorables, either of person or attri plainlye organism stricken (Doc 1), ultimately screening the referee the contrastive opinions held by each half(a) of the boorish.This tardy disunion of the sphere and its authorities finally led to a series of events, including the raise of the minute Compromise and such(prenominal) abolitionist books as Uncle gobblers Cabin, that started a war. In a modulation pen by George Templeton he calm down this when he state that, we mightiness lay down bury it had not Douglas undertaken to purport Southern votes by repealing the molybdenum Compromise. That was the final shock (Doc 5). patronage the cultural and politic al differences of the war, to legion(predicate) people, it was more or less keep an eye on and integrity. The South mat as though the North had no soundeousness to discern it what it can and cannot do, and rightly so. Who were they to tell Southerners that after(prenominal) ages of edifice up their own Southern alliance and culture, they had to click it down and correct to the live of the commonwealth and its own beliefs and practices? In theory, the real reason goat the war was authority, and who only had it.Whether or not it was the coerce from the Federal governance to take control, or it was the states themselves who desire liberty from the government, or a compounding of both(prenominal)(prenominal) didnt exit because it was also far-gone at that point. However, the truth of the involvement was summed up by a mention from the Pittsburgh agitate when it verbalize that, The Republicans maintain the right to make a command of laws for the South, not only in the States, but in the Territories (Doc 3).This gives us the primer coat for what the war was truly about, which was the right to harbor oneself and their itinerary of life. So in conclusion, the Southern states seceded collectible to large differences in culture, politics, and defective authority. This gave mode to one of the bloodiest wars this country has ever seen with over half a gazillion deaths on its own undercoat amidst its own countrymen. This disaster led to fretfulness betwixt both sections of the country, but allowed for the reestablishment of the Union to commence, vainglorious bureau to the backside of our present, slightly unite country.