Effectiveness Between Visual Learning And Auditory Learning

Effectiveness Between Visual breeding And Auditory LearningThis examine was per organize to comparison the reariveness amid optic schooling and auditive eruditeness on minuscule-run entrepot. Forty subjects were required to cross-file a modulation while anformer(a) forty subjects were asked to listen to a record of the kindred pass board. After a triple-minute filler business, the subjects were required to get along a organize of ten call into movements relating to the personation. Most subjects had high pee for ocular acquisition rather than auditive eruditeness. A statistical z- essay was used to compargon the p sufferered of these both sets of result. Calculation showed that at 5% signifi potce level, ocular look on was more(prenominal)(prenominal) trenchant in building short-run storehouse than audile learning, concurring to the experi mental hypothesis. T here was sufficient evidence from statistical scrutiny to show that the hateful hold in fund quiz for optical learning was greater than audile learning.NULL HYPOTHESISThere is no authoritative difference between the score for opthalmic and audile w behousing demonstrate.EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESISThe score in optic retrospect establish is higher compared to auditory entrepot study.RESEARCH AND RATIONALEThe purpose of this experiment was to compare the effectiveness of both visual learning and auditory learning on short-term recollection. entrepot is defined as the power or process of reproducing or rec altogethering what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms, which include encoding, storing and retrieving. According to Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968), human reposition arouse be shared out into three major conferences, namely sensory computer computer retrospection (SM), short-term depot (STM) and long memory (LTM). 4Figure 1 Atkinson-Shiffrin Model(http//www.audiologyonline.com/articles/article_detail.asp?ar ticle_id=1403)(251 speech) stunning memory is a buffer that captures, for just a moment, all that you back revoke see, hear and feel. In general, sensory memory is the ability of sense variety meat such as eyes, ears and skin to retain sensory entropy for a very brief termination (less than a second). It female genitals be divided into iconic memory (vision) and echoic memory (hearing). When we focus attention on sensory memory, this moves sensory data into conscious memory which is known as short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold a restrict amount of data for approximately 30 seconds, nevertheless it stays eight-day under continual rehearsal and give eventually born-again into long-term memory. 1,5Short-term memory is the temporary memory store used to store and manage teaching needed to perform complex cognitive tasks. It is formed by brief changes in the synaptic transmissions. It involves the firing of neurons which depletes the Readily Releasable pond (R RP) of neurotransmitter vesicles at presynaptic terminals. After the firing slows down, endocytosis causes the short-term memory to decay. The memory impart disappear if it is not re-activated. Thus, periodically repeated schooling is needed so that information can retain for a longer period. 8Figure 2 Baddeleys model of raceway(a) memory(http//www.thefullwiki.org/Baddeley%27s_model_of_working_memory)(448 words)Alan Baddeley proposed a more complex working memory model for short-term store. It is an active three-part memory system that temporarily holds information which consists of an executive control central that coordinates the phonological loop (storage for lyric poem voice), visuo-spatial sketchpad (storage for visual and spatial information), and the episodic buffer. Working memory is very signifi tilt in helping us to solve conundrums that require basising and multitasking. 2,6 long memory is the storehouse of the brain where its capacity is enormous and virtually pe rmanent. It can be divided into declarative memory (consciously available) and procedural memory (unconsciously available). However, long-term memory distorts the facts and tends to become less reliable as we age. 1,7Figure 3 The activation of specific sensory cortices during memory retrieval(http//www.pnas.org/content/97/20/11125.full)A study by Randy L. Buckner aimed to study whether the retrieval of sensory-specific information volition reactivate the regions of sensory cortex. The outcome revealed from functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that secondary areas in auditory and visual cortex were reactivated when sound and chain of mountains memories were recalled respectively. Since diverse regions were activated during information retrieval, visual memory should be several(predicate) from auditory memory. Figure 3 shows the activation maps during perception of visual objects (ac) and sound (e) as well as the recall of visual memory (bd) and auditory memory (f). 9(660 words)A study by Michael A. Cohen examined the inferiority of auditory to visual memory using comprehension mea certainly. The experiment was d 1 by running game the ability of subjects to recall the stimuli, for instance sound clips, verbal description, picture or combination of both. Comparison of data showed that recall for picture is better compare to other stimuli. 10 Besides, Cohen also compared auditory and visual memory in musicians who vex far better auditory recognition memory. However, the results showed that the memory for auditory stimuli was serene inferior to visual object. Thus, it is clear from these results that auditory recognition memory accomplishment cannot be on par with the levels of visual recognition memory. 11The outcomes of this experiment could be significant in schooling, working place and business strategy. Educators should focus on visual teaching by preparing more visual input signal such as diagrams, slideshows or mind maps to make the less ons more effective and resurrect the student memory. Managers should provide a copy of information rather than freehand instruction verbally to prevent employee from making error. Moreover, companies should provide visual effect when advertising through television or poster rather than via radio so that consumers can remember better of that comp whatever.(859 words)VARIABLESManipulated variable Type of stimulus (visual or auditory)Responding Variable Score in memory test (degree of memory) ageless Variables Age and education level of the subjects, period of the testPLANNINGAs stated above, assumption was made that both visual and auditory learning cast the same effect on short-term memory, consequently all these trials were conducted using only one type of stimulus which is visual stimulus. ravel 1 Length of the passageThis trial was conducted to find out the around appropriate length of passage for the memory tests. Four subjects were attached a passage of 234 words while another cardinal were given a passage of 843 words to read. After that, the subjects were required to answer a set of ten questions related to the passage.Length of the passageMemory test score1st2nd3rd4th234 words1010109843 words5445 plug-in 1 Results of first trial experimentFrom put off 1, subjects cognitive process is al close to perfect in the memory test when dealing with the short passage of 234 words. On the other hand, subjects who deal with the long passage of 843 words answered less than fractional of the question the right commission. Therefore, I decided to use a moderately long passage of around 500 words to bring forth an ideal result in the real experiment.(1086 words)Trial 2 The exigency of filler taskThis trial was done to find out whether a filler task is necessary and its duration before proceeding to the memory quiz. First two subjects ware not required to do every filler task (Sudoku puzzle) while the remaining subjects were asked to do the filler task at heart 2, 3 and 4 minutes respectively.Duration of Filler confinement (minutes)Score1st2ndWithout88278367455Table 2 Results of second trial experimentFrom Table 2, subjects who answered the question without disturbance task was slightly higher than those who had done the Sudoku puzzle. Besides, it was noted that the get few questions where the answers were found on the last part of the passage were answered improvely for those without filler task. Thus, a distraction task is necessary to distract the subjects from rehearsing the information they had just current and answering the question directly without having the information converted into short-term memory. Besides, the duration of filler task was fixed at 3 minutes as it seemed long enough to prevent subjects from rehearsing the newly received information but not too long to cause memory decay.(1293 words)Trial 3 Suitable periodframeThis trial was conducted to investigate the perfect eonframe for the subjects to mas terly the memory test. Six subjects took part in this trial, with two in a group. They were given a passage that later used in the unfeigned experiment to read and answer ten questions within condemnation limits. The three groups required to answer within 1, 2 and 3 minutes respectively.Time limit (min)Score1st2nd134256387Table 3 Results of third trial experimentFrom Table 3, the longer the clipping limit, the higher the score each subjects obtained. The subjects were debriefed after the memory test regarding the time limit given. Those who underwent time limit of 1 and 2 minutes claimed that the time given was too short for them to have sex all the questions. Subjects who did the test within 3 minutes claimed that they only manage to complete the questions on time. They mat stressed during the experiment and this talent limit the subjects performance. Hence, I decided to cease out the time limit so that subjects can answer the question in a stress-free condition.The visual s timulus administered was a one-page printed passage that I get from the character book Cambridge Practice Test for IELTS 2, Test Four, theatrical role 2. On the other hand, the auditory stimulus used was a three-minute transcription of the same passage taken from the CD-ROM. A passage was used kinda of simple words, number or project recall to mimic real-life circumstance in work place or in classroom where pot were bound to lots of information which they wee to remember. This passage consisting of 551 words was elect as it was designed by an experienced author who written for IELTS reference book and IELTS is a recognised international English testing system. The passage was clear, concise and contained a lot of information and there were questions provided. Besides, the person who produces the enter script has high proficiency in English, then there will be no complain about the clarity of the tape script.(1645 words) ruleRandom sample of 80 subjects were selected from th e Advanced Level students in Intec didactics College.The subjects were divided into two groups that carried out visual and auditory test respectively.For visual test, each subject was given three canvas tents of paper beforehand.(A passage, a memory test of ten questions and a Sudoku puzzle)For auditory test, each subject was given two sheets of paper beforehand.(A memory test of ten questions and a Sudoku puzzle)The subjects were instructed to read the passage and listen carefully to the recording played by a radio inside the classroom once only and try to ascertain as much information as they can.Immediately after the video display of stimuli, the subjects were asked to complete the Sudoku puzzle as a filler task in 3 minutes to reduce rehearsal.After that, the subjects were required to do the memory test without a time limit and hand in the answer sheet after they had done.The make headway of each subject from each group were calculated and recorded in a table. A box-plot an d a block off chart were drawn to represent the data. Z-test was used to compare the mean of visual and auditory memory test at 5% significant level. peril ASSESSMENT in all subjects personal details were kept anonymous for confidentiality purpose. They were instructed not to disclose any information regarding the quiz to anyone who had not taken the test. Besides, subjects were told that this experiment was not done on testing the individuals intelligence or memory power to avoid any unnecessary stress which could affect the subjects performance. The mess of the recording played over the radio was set at an pleasing volume so that everyone could hear clearly and did not cause any impairment on hearing. Otherwise, this was a low-risk procedure.(1942 words)RESULTSNumber of deal, fMemory test loads, XVisual, X10010203042546871181095100Meanx1 = 6.95Table 4 Results for memory test of visual and auditory learning(2005 words)Graph 1 Box plot for memory quiz score of visual and audito ry learning(2018 words)STATISTICAL ANALYSISX1 Visual memory testMemory quiz scores, xVisual, ffxx2fx20000010010200403009042816325420251006848362887117749539810806464095458140510001000n = 40 fx = 278 fx2 = 2004Table 5 Statistics for visual memory testMean, x1 = = = 6.95Variance, = x12 = 6.952 = 1.7975Standard Deviation, 1 = = = 1.34070877(2138 words)X2 Auditory memory testMemory quiz scores, xAuditory, ffxx2fx200000111112364123515945483216128510502525067423625274284919682166412890081010001000n = 40 fx = 190 fx2 = 1012Table 6 Statistics for auditory memory testMean, x2 = = = 4.75Variance, = x12 = 4.752 = 2.7375Standard Deviation, 2 = = = 1.65453921(2258 words)Z-test is a statistical test extended from t-test. It follows a normal distribution where the data have the same mean, median and mode. It is used to handle large samples when n 30 and standard deviation is given. In this experiment, there was one variable (type of stimulus), two samples (visual and auditory memory tests) and 40 observations for each sample. The data was unmatched as each subject sat for the test once only. The difference between variances in the two samples is small (0.94). Thus, a z-test was applied. 3Number of samples, nMean, xStandard Deviation, Visual, x1406.951.34070877Auditory, x2404.751.65453921Table 7 Basic statistics for both memory test scoresHypothesis Test for Two Population MeansH0 1 = 2 (The mean scores in both visual and auditory memory test are equal)H1 1 2 (The mean score in visual memory test is greater than that in auditory memory test)Given the null hypothesis and 1 = 1.34070877, n1 = 40, 2 = 1.65453921, n2 = 40x1 x2 N (0, + )By Central encumber Theorem, the test statistics isZ =Since under H0, 1 = 2 then in this case visual = auditory and thereforeZ == 6.53615718 6.5362(2483 words)According to the Table for Critical values for two-tailed z test, the vital value for a two-tailed test when p = 0.01 will be the critical values for p=0.05 for a one-tailed te st. Thus, the critical value for Z is z = 1.647. From the result above, the value of z at 5% probability level is 6.5362 which are higher than the critical value of 1.6449. Therefore, the null hypothesis, H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence that the mean score in memory quiz for visual memory is greater than that for auditory memory. This agrees with the experimental hypothesis and matches with the two studies stated earlier which were done by Michael A. Cohen proving that auditory memory is inferior to visual memory, yielding better short-term memory recall. Since Z calculated is a lot higher than Z critical, there is much less than 5% chance that the results occurred by chance, and more than 95% chance that the mean for visual memory test is higher even if the experiment is repeated on the similar population.(2659 words)Graph 2 Bar chart for memory quiz score of visual and auditory learning(2672 words)DATA ANALYSISGraph 2 shows that the score freewheel of visual test is within 4 to 9 whereas the score image for auditory test is within 1 to 8. The modes for visual and auditory memory test are 5 and 7 respectively. It is a huge personal line of credit as most of the subjects scored less than half of the total mark for auditory test while most of the subjects scored more than half of the total marks for visual test. Thus, it is obvious that subjects tend to forget the information more right away when it is presented by oral compared to visual.There were anomalies in this investigation, especially in the auditory test group. One subject gets only one answer correct in the memory test and it had been reconfirmed that there was no marking error. This baron be due to the particular subject was devolve and lack of snooze the night before. This explanation was supported by the interrogation of Polzella and Donald J. that stated sleep deprivation increases the occurrence of lapses, periods of lowered reactive capacity, which prevent the encoding of items in short-term memory. 12 Likewise, two of the subjects get eight questions right in the memory test. This office be due to both subjects are Grade 8 pianist who have a better listening ability and are good auditory learner that can remember the auditory information outstandingly. This was stated in Michael A. Cohens research that musicians have far better auditory recognition memory. 11However, I found out that some subjects with high scores in the memory test did not even complete half of the Sudoku puzzle. This may be due to the fact that they kept recalling what they had read during the distraction test but not concentrating on the Sudoku puzzle. During the real test, they were just rehearsing the information they read a few minutes earlier.(2980 words)The superiority of visual memory can be explained according to the way the information is perceived and stored as memory. Auditory verbal information enters automatically into the phonological store whereas visually present ed words are transformed into phonological code by unsounded articulation first and subsequently into the phonological store. Thus, the visual information stored doubly as visual code rather than auditory code. 6From the study by Buckner, we know that visual and auditory memory retrieval involves the activation of different brain region. The sensory-specific regions are activated most robustly during recall of visual memory whereas auditory memory represents a distinct subset of those activated during perception. The reason behind may be the capacity for visual memory is big than auditory memory, thus complex visual memory can be converted into memory more rapidly and easily. 9The properties of auditory and visual information are different. In terms of physics or psychophysics, auditory information is said to be less memorable than their visual counterparts. It could be that the rare ability to rapidly encode and remember meaningful stimuli is a romp of visual touch. 12 Eberma n and McKelvie proposed that a person was more prone to form promising images, particularly if the original root was visual than if it was auditory. 13Visual stimuli are seen and perceive through rehearsal maintenance in the brain while auditory stimuli are only heard, making it more difficult to perform. When the brain is processing a visual image, the cognitive functioning requires the discovery of a mental image, but when the cognitive functioning is the process of an auditory stimulus, the brain demand to hear the word and then create a mental image in order for a correct recall to take place. Thus, auditory learning seems slower compare to visual learning. 14(3271 words)military ratingThere might be variation in memory capacity between individuals, thus a large sample of eighty subjects was used in the experiment to ensure sufficient replicates were produced to support the conclusion. Besides, random choosing and grouping of subjects and consistency of sexuality will help improve the reliability of the results because there will be no bias in terms of subjects selected to participate in which test.The age of the subjects was kept constant (20) because capability to memorise varies with age. For example, older people were more prone to develop dementia and were less effective in memorising information, thus giving an unreliable result. Moreover, subjects must have the same level of education as people who weak in English and understanding might not be able to answer the questions properly, be it in visual or auditory form. Subjects must not have any problem related to their eyes (reading) and ears (listening) to ensure the experiment done smoothly. In addition, the period of the test conducted must be fixed as the effectiveness of learning varies throughout the day. Subjects might feel hungry at the noon and banal around the evening after full-length day of academic session. Thus, the wide-cut test was conducted in the morning as it is the golden p eriod for the subjects to learn and memorising information effectively. Participant who were physically sick or mentally tired were excluded from this investigation as their condition might deteriorate their memory performance.In conclusion, the results can be considered to be valid and reliable as the whole experiment was conducted with minimal errors and a large sample size.(3537 words)LIMITATIONS AND MODIFICATIONSIn this experiment, since the same subject cannot sit for both test due to same passage used, it has been assumed that the individual variations amongst the subjects do not affect the results of the study. However, different people might have different memorising power, thus one modification that could be made is by having the same subjects doing both visual and auditory memory test but on different passage which are nearly similar in terms of length, information and standard of English.Although the subjects involved in this experiment are selected randomly, it is only representing the population in International knowledge College but not whole general college-aged students. Therefore, the experiment can be modified by having a larger sample size from other colleges to obtain a more conclusive, representative and reliable results.However, it was difficult for a person to memorise all the information in the long passage. They may miss out some points which will affect the outcomes of the investigation. Thus, the passage can be replaced by 30 phrases so that they know exactly what to remember. encourage INVESTIGATIONFurther research can be done by investigating the efficiency of visual and auditory learning method in varying age cohorts. Besides, other types of memory measures such as recognition of image and words can be carried out for further study. Lastly, a comparison between genders in terms of both types of memory can be conducted as the memorising power between males and females could be different.(3780 words)SOURCE EVALUATIONSource 1 is an e-book that written by psychology experts while source 2 and 3 are published books so the information in it should be facts. They are all credible sources as their content would have been reviewed by other experts prior to publication.Source 4 is a website from indium University while source 5 is a website supported by Bryn Mawr College and Howard Hughes aesculapian Institute, thus the information are reliable. Source 6 and 7 is from Wikipedia where most of the data and information obtained are cited and linked to many an(prenominal) literatures and academic research.Sources 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 are scientific journals that written by experts from renowned universities. Their research papers consist of experiments similar to my scientific investigation topic. The results obtained are wide recognised and have been peer-reviewed by other scientists before being published, thus they are trustable.CONCLUSIONIt is clear that visual learning is more effective than auditory learn ing on short-term memory. It is proven by the mean score in visual test which is 6.95, which is greater than the auditory test which is 4.75. The z-value, 6.5362 is higher than the critical value at 5% significance level. data-based hypothesis is accepted.(4984 words)APPENDIXTEXT PASSAGEGreat. Well, hi, everyone My names Jody and Im one of the four recreation officers here at Rainforest Lodge. My job is to make sure that you all have a great stay here with us and go away feeling relaxed and refreshed. As you can see, were literally in the middle of nowhere at the Lodge. There are no newspapers or TVs and theres only one phone and thats in the office. The Lodge is a complete get away from it all experience a place to extricate and appreciate the world without a lot of interruptions and distractions.From your cabin balcony youll find that you cant see anyone else and the only noise you should hear is the birds. When the luggage comes, one of the guys will take it across to your cabin for you and make sure you know the way back here to the main centre for dinner in the restaurant. dinner will be served in about an hr or so.All the times of each days activities are printed on the blue sheet you should have got in the information guides that were handed out on the coach. all(prenominal) Explorer trip has a different focus, so it doesnt matter how many you do or on what day, because theres always some liaison new to discover in the rainforest.Tomorrow I think weve still got places on the Orchid and kingdom Fungi Tour. This is on foot and takes you to different parts of the rainforest. Or, if youd prefer, theres the Four- Wheel-Drive hinderance to the waterfalls, or the fishing trip where I promise you well catch some lunch, and last but not least, the famous Crocodile Cruise that leaves at 11 am each day. (Just in time for the crocodiles lunch) Plenty to choose from here at Rainforest Lodge or just sit on your balcony relax and unwind and enjoy the views. In the evenings there is the Spotlight Tour, one of my favourites. The Spotlight Tour leaves at sundown and lets you catch a glimpse of some more of the rainforests wildlife as it comes out at dusk to feed. Thats a great trip and if you can, Id really try to make sure you do it during your stay.(4359 words)Youve chosen to visit the rainforest in March, which is just at the end of the wet season, so youll soon notice how well the waterfalls are running and also how damp the ground is. Things can tend to get a bit slippery, too, so if you didnt bring any walking boots Id advise you to require some from the office. Youll also be much better off in long trousers rather than shorts because they will give your legs more security and socks are a good idea too.Theres no need to be nervous of the rainforest provided that you treat it with respect and common sense. Most of the animals and wildlife are gentle and harmless. There are some venomous snakes to beware of, but really theyre much more frightened of you than you are of them. The other thing is that certain plants can cause irritation if you touch them with bare skin.Well, thats about all for the time being. The guys are here to take you and your luggage to the cabins . . .(4538 words)QUESTIONSAt Rainforest Lodge there arent any telephones or TVs.newspapers or TVs.telephones or newspapers.The guests are told to carry their luggage to the cabin.go straight to the restaurant.wait an hour for dinner.TOUR NAMEDETAILSOrchid and Fungiwalking tourFour-Wheel-Drivetour to the 3)_____________Fishingto catch lunchCrocodile Cruisedeparts at 4)_____________ day-after-day5)_____________departs at sundownWhat THREE items of clothing does the speaker recommend for the rainforest?6) ______________________________7) ______________________________8) ______________________________Which TWO things in the rainforest does the speaker give a warning about?9) ______________________________10) ______________________________(4636 words)DI STRACTION TASK828764319584961813547274764356CRITICAL value FOR A TWO-TAILED Z TESTProbability valueZ0.101.6470.051.9600.012.5760.022.3260.0023.10